13 Names, Dates, People, and Places
Indice
This chapter describes a module which may be used for the encoding of names and other phrases descriptive of persons, places, or organizations, in a manner more detailed than that possible using the elements already provided for these purposes in the Core module. In section 3.5 Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses it was noted that the elements provided in the core module allow an encoder to specify that a given text segment is a proper noun, or a referring string, and to specify the kind of object named or referred to only by supplying a value for the type attribute. The elements provided by the present module allow the encoder to supply a detailed sub-structure for such referring strings, and to distinguish explicitly between names of persons, places, and organizations.
This module also provides elements for the representation of information about the person, place, or organization to which a given name is understood to refer and to represent the name itself, independently of its application. In simple terms, where the core module allows one simply to represent that a given piece of text is a name, this module allows one further to represent a personal name, to represent the person being named, and to represent the canonical name being used. A similar range is provided for names of places and organizations. The main intended applications for this module are in biographical, historical, or geographical data systems such as gazetteers and biographical databases, where these are to be integrated with encoded texts.
The chapter begins by discussing attributes common to many of the elements discussed in the remaining parts of the chapter (13.1 Attribute Classes Defined by this Module) before discussing specifically the elements provided for the encoding of component parts of personal names (section 13.2.1 Personal Names), place names (section 13.2.3 Place Names) and organizational names (section 13.2.2 Organizational Names). Elements for encoding personal and organizational data are discussed in section 13.3 Biographical and Prosopographical Data. Elements for the encoding of geographical data are discussed in section 13.3.4 Places. Finally, elements for encoding onomastic data are discussed in 13.3.5 Names and Nyms, and the detailed encoding of dates and times is described in section 13.3.6 Dates and Times.
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13.1 Attribute Classes Defined by this ModuleTEI: Attribute Classes Defined by this Module¶
Most of the elements made available by this chapter share some important characteristics which are expressed by their membership in specific attribute classes. Members of the class att.naming have specialized attributes which support linkage of a naming element with the entity (person, place, organization) being named; members of the class att.datable have specialized attributes which support a number of ways of normalizing the date or time of the data encoded by the element concerned.
13.1.1 Linking Names and their ReferentsTEI: Linking Names and their Referents¶
- att.canonical provides attributes which can be used to associate a representation such as a name or title
with canonical information about the object being named or referenced.
key provides an externally-defined means of identifying the entity (or entities) being named, using a coded value of some kind. ref (reference) provides an explicit means of locating a full definition for the entity being named by means of one or more URIs.
- att.naming identifica degli attributi comuni a elementi che si riferiscono a persone, luoghi, organizzazioni, ecc. indicati per nome
role may be used to specify further information about the entity referenced by this name, for example the occupation of a person, or the status of a place. nymRef (riferimento al nome canonico) indica un modo di localizzare la forma canonica (nym) dei nomi associati all'oggetto definito dall'elemento che lo contiene
<name role="politician" type="person">David Paul Brown</name> has suffered ...
<name ref="#DPB1" type="person">David Paul Brown</name> has suffered ...
DPB1
, which
will contain canonical information about this particular person,
marked up using the elements discussed in 13.3 Biographical and Prosopographical Data
below. The same element might alternatively be provided by some other document,
of course, which the same attribute could refer to by means of a URI,
as explained in 16.2 Pointing Mechanisms:
<name
ref="http://www.example.com/personography.xml#DPB1"
type="person">David Paul Brown</name> has suffered
...
EBB1
, a reference to ‘the Browns’ might be encoded
<name ref="#DPB1 #EBB1" type="person">the Browns</name> came to dine
...
to
<name key="FR" type="place">France</name>
The nymRef attribute has a more specialised use, where it is the name itself which is of interest rather than the person, place, or organization being named. See section 13.3.5 Names and Nyms for further discussion.
- att.responsibility provides attributes indicating who is responsible for
something asserted by the markup and the degree of certainty
associated with it.
resp (responsabile) indica il responsabile dell'intervento o interpretazione, per esempio un curatore o trascrittore cert (certezza) corrisponde al grado di certezza associato all'intervento o interpretazione
13.1.2 Dating AttributesTEI: Dating Attributes¶
- att.datable assegna attributi per la normalizzazione di elementi che contengono eventi databili
period fornisce un puntatore a una data posizione definendo un determinato periodo di tempo entro il quale l'oggetto da datare è collocabile - att.datable.w3c indica degli attributi per la normalizzazione di elementi che contengono eventi databili utilizzando i tipi di dati del W3C
when indica il valore di una data o di un orario in un formato standard notBefore specifica la prima data possibile per un evento nel formato standard aaaa-mm-gg notAfter specifica l'ultima data possibile per un evento nel formato standard aaaa-mm-gg from indica l'inizio del periodo nel formato standard to indica la fine del periodo nel formato standard
period is approaching which will terminate my present
copartnership. On the <date when="1808-01-01">1st Jany.</date> next,
it expires by its own limitation.
<category xml:id="tyranny">
<catDesc>Before 510 BC</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="classical">
<catDesc>Between 510 and 323 BC</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="hellenistic">
<catDesc>
<ref
target="http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Hellenistic">Hellenistic</ref>. Commonly treated as
<date notBefore="-0323" notAfter="-0031">from
the death of Alexander to the Roman conquest.</date>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="roman">
<catDesc>
<ref
target="http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Roman_Empire">Roman</ref>
</catDesc>
</category>
<category xml:id="christian">
<catDesc> The Christian period technically starts at the
birth of Jesus, but in
practice is considered to date from the conversion of Constantine
in <date when="0312">312 AD</date>. </catDesc>
</category>
</taxonomy>
in March or April of 1857.</birth>
some time in April of 1857.</residence>
Normalisation of date and time values permits the efficient processing of data (for example, to determine whether one event precedes or follows another). These examples all use the W3C standard format for representation of dates and times. Further examples, and discussion of some alternative approaches to normalization are given in section 13.3.6.3 More Expressive Normalizations below.
13.2 NamesTEI: Names¶
13.2.1 Personal NamesTEI: Personal Names¶
- persName (nome proprio di persona) contiene un nome proprio o un sintagma identificabile come nome proprio, che si riferisce a una persona e può includere qualsiasi o tutti i prenomi, cognomi, titoli onorifici, o nomi aggiunti della persona in questione
- surname contiene un nome di famiglia (ereditato) piuttosto che un nome assegnato, un nome di battesimo o un soprannome
- forename contiene un prenome assegnato o un nome di battesimo
- roleName contiene una componente del nome che indica un ruolo o una posizione specifici a livello sociale, come nel caso di titoli ufficiali o grado militare
- addName (nome aggiuntivo) contiene una componente aggiuntiva del nome, come un soprannome, un epiteto, o eventuali altre espressioni utilizzate all'interno di un nome proprio di persona
- nameLink (name link) contiene un affisso di connessione all'interno del nome non considerato parte del nome, come van der oppure of
- genName (componente generazionale del nome) contiene una componente del nome utilizzata per distinguere nomi simili tra loro sulla base della differenza di età o dell'appartenenza a generazioni diverse delle persone nominate
- att.personal (attributi per componenti di nomi propri di persona) attributi comuni agli
elementi che compongono un nome proprio di persona
full indica se la componente del nome compare per esteso, come abbreviazione o come iniziale sort specifica la posizione della componente all'interno del nome proprio di persona in relazione alle altre componenti
<rs key="DPB1" type="person">David Paul Brown</rs> has suffered the
furniture of his office to be seized
the third time for rent.
<rs key="DPB1" type="person">
<name>David Paul Brown</name>
</rs> has suffered ...
<name key="DPB1" type="person">David Paul Brown</name> has suffered ...
<persName key="DPB1">David Paul Brown</persName> has suffered ...
The persName element is more powerful than the rs and name elements because distinctive name components occurring within it can be marked as such.
<surname>Roosevelt</surname>,
<forename>Franklin</forename>
<forename>Delano</forename>
</persName>
<persName>
<forename>Franklin</forename>
<forename>Delano</forename>
<surname>Roosevelt</surname>
</persName>
<forename type="first">Franklin</forename>
<forename type="middle">Delano</forename>
<surname>Roosevelt</surname>
</persName>
<persName>
<forename type="given">Margaret</forename>
<forename type="unused">Hilda</forename>
<surname type="maiden">Roberts</surname>
<surname type="married">Thatcher</surname>
</persName>
<persName type="religious">Muhammad Ali</persName>
<persName>
<forename>Norman</forename>
<surname type="complex">St John Stevas</surname>
</persName>
<forename>Johan</forename>
<surname type="toponymic" ref="#dystvold">Dystvold</surname>
</persName>
<!-- ... -->
<placeName xml:id="dystvold">Dystvold</placeName>
<forename>Kara</forename>
<surname type="complex">
<surname type="paternal">Hattersley</surname>-
<surname type="maternal">Smith</surname>
</surname>
</persName>
<forename full="abb">Maggie</forename>
<surname>Thatcher</surname>
</persName>
<persName>
<forename>Peter</forename>
<surname>son of Herbert</surname>
</persName> gives the king 40 m. for
having custody of the land and heir of <persName>
<forename>John</forename>
<surname>son of Hugh</surname>
</persName>...
</s>
<persName>
<forename>Snorri</forename>
<forename>Sturluson</forename>
</persName>
to combine the two traditions in cyclic form.
<forename>Finnur</forename>
<surname>Jonsson</surname>
</persName>
acknowledged the artificiality of the procedure...
<forename>Egill</forename>
<addName type="patronym">Skallagrmsson</addName>
</persName>
<forename sort="2">Sergei</forename>
<forename sort="3" type="patronym">Mikhailovic</forename>
<surname sort="1">Uspensky</surname>
</persName>
This example also demonstrates the use of the sort attribute common to all members of the model.persNamePart class; its effect is to state the sequence in which forename and surname elements should be combined when constructing a sort key for the name.
<surname>Marques</surname>
<genName>Junior</genName>,
<forename>Henrique</forename>
</persName>
<forename>Charles</forename>
<genName>II</genName>
</persName>
<forename>Rudolf</forename>
<genName>II</genName>
<surname type="dynasty">Hapsburg</surname>
</persName>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<genName>Minor</genName>
</persName>
<roleName type="honorific" full="abb">Mme</roleName>
<nameLink>de la</nameLink>
<surname>Rochefoucault</surname>
</persName>
<forename>Walter</forename>
<surname>de la Mare</surname>
</persName>
- nobility
- An inherited or life-time title of nobility such as Lord, Viscount, Baron, etc.
- honorific
- An academic or other honorific prefixed to a name e.g. Doctor, Professor, Mrs., etc.
- office
- Membership of some elected or appointed organization such as President, Governor, etc.
- military
- Military rank such as Colonel.
- epithet
- A traditional descriptive phrase or nick-name such as The Hammer, The Great, etc.
<roleName type="nobility">Princess</roleName>
<forename>Grace</forename>
</persName>
<addName type="honorific">Grandma</addName>
<surname>Moses</surname>
</persName>
<roleName type="office">President</roleName>
<forename>Bill</forename>
<surname>Clinton</surname>
</persName>
<roleName type="military">Colonel</roleName>
<surname>Gaddafi</surname>
</persName>
<forename>Frederick</forename>
<addName type="epithet">the Great</addName>
</persName>
<roleName type="office">Governor</roleName>
<forename sort="2">Edmund</forename>
<forename full="init" sort="3">G.</forename>
<addName type="nick">Jerry</addName>
<addName type="epithet">Moonbeam</addName>
<surname sort="1">Brown</surname>
<genName full="abb">Jr</genName>.
</persName>
Although highly flexible, these mechanisms for marking personal name components will not cater for every personal name and processing need. Where the internal structure of personal names is highly complex or where name components are particularly ambiguous, feature structures are recommended as the most appropriate mechanism to mark and analyze them, as further discussed in chapter 18 Feature Structures.
13.2.2 Organizational NamesTEI: Organizational Names¶
In these Guidelines, we use the term ‘organization’ for any named collection of people regarded as a single unit. Typical examples include businesses or institutions such as ‘Harvard College’ or ‘the BBC’, but also racial or ethnic groupings or political factions where these are regarded as forming a single agency such as ‘the Scythians’ or ‘the Militant Tendency’. Giving a loosely-defined group of individuals a name often serves a particular political or social agenda and an analysis of the way such phrases are constructed and used may therefore be of considerable importance to the social historian, even where the objective existence of an ‘organization’ in this sense is harder to demonstrate than that of (say) a named person. In the case of business or other formally constituted institutions, the component parts of an organizational name may help to characterize the organization in terms of its perceived geographical location, ownership, likely number of employees, management structure, etc.
- orgName (nome di organizzazione) contiene il nome proprio di un'organizzazione
interest was agitated in the
<orgName type="voluntary" key="PAS1">Pennsyla. Abolition Society</orgName>
interest was agitated in the <rs key="PAS1" type="org">
<name>Pennsyla. Abolition Society</name>
</rs>.
interest was agitated in the
<name key="PAS1" type="org">Pennsyla. Abolition
Society</name>.
<orgName type="acronym">BSkyB</orgName>
rather than the
<orgName type="acronym">BBC</orgName>
strong aversion to the <orgName type="phrase">United
States Government</orgName>, and of
predilection for self-government under
the
<orgName type="phrase">English Crown</orgName>
<surname>Ernst</surname> & <surname>Young</surname>
</orgName>
<orgName type="regional">
<orgName>IBM</orgName>
<country>UK</country>
</orgName> said ...
the <orgName>Democratic Whig <name type="role">party</name>
</orgName> after the most careful deliberation,
with a reference to all the great objects of NATIONAL, STATE,
COUNTY and CITY concern, and with a single eye to the <hi>Welfare and Best Interests of the Community</hi>.
<orgName>Department of Modern History</orgName>
<orgName>
<name type="city">Glasgow</name>
<name type="role">University</name>
</orgName>
</orgName>
13.2.3 Place NamesTEI: Place Names¶
Like other proper nouns or noun phrases used as names, place names can simply be marked up with the rs element, or with the name element. For cartographers and historical geographers, however, the component parts of a place name provide important information about the relation between the name and some spot in space and time. They also provide important evidence in historical linguistics.
As members of the att.naming class, all of these elements bear the attributes key, ref, and nymRef mentioned above. These attributes are primarily useful as a means of linking a place name with information about a specific place. Recommendations for the encoding of information about a place, as distinct from its name, are provided in 13.3.4 Places below.
spending some time in our <rs key="NY1" type="place">modern <name key="BA1" type="place">Babylon</name>
</rs>, <name key="NY1" type="place">New York</name>, I have proceeded to
the <rs key="PH1" type="place">City of Brotherly Love</rs>.
time in our <placeName key="NY1">modern <placeName key="BA1">Babylon</placeName>
</placeName>, <placeName key="NY1">New
York</placeName>, I have proceeded to the <placeName key="PH1">City of
Brotherly Love</placeName>.
13.2.3.1 Geo-political Place NamesTEI: Geo-political Place Names¶
NY</placeName>
- district contiene il nome di una qualsiasi suddivisione all'interno di un insediamento, come una circoscrizione, un quartiere o altre unità amministrative o geografiche
- settlement contiene il nome di un insediamento quale una città o un comune considerati come unità geopolitica o amministrativa
- region contiene il nome di un'unità amministrativa, come uno stato o una provincia, che sia più ampia di un piccolo insediamento ma più piccola di un paese
- country (country) contiene il nome di un'unità geopolitica, come una nazione, un paese, una colonia, o un'unione di stati, che sia più ampia o amministrativamente superiore rispetto a una regione ma di dimensioni inferiori rispetto a un blocco
- bloc (bloc) contiene il nome di un'unità geopolitica comprendente uno o più stati nazione o paesi
<settlement type="city">Rochester</settlement>,
<region type="state">New York</region>
</placeName>
<country type="nation">Laos</country>,
<bloc type="sub-continent">Southeast Asia</bloc>
</placeName>
<district type="arondissement">6ème</district>
<settlement type="city">Paris, </settlement>
<country>France</country>
</placeName>
13.2.3.2 Geographic NamesTEI: Geographic Names¶
- geogFeat (nome di elemento geografico) contiene un nome comune che identifica elementi geografici inclusi in un nome proprio geografico, come valle, monte, ecc.
<name>Mississippi</name>
<geogFeat>River</geogFeat>
</geogName>
separates two great corridors which run from <name key="GLCO1" type="place">Glencoe</name> into
<geogName key="GLET1" type="glen">
<geogFeat>Glen</geogFeat>
<name>Etive</name>
</geogName>, the
<geogName key="LAGA1" type="hill">
<geogFeat xml:lang="gd">Lairig</geogFeat>
<name>Gartain</name>
</geogName> and the
<geogName key="LAEI1" type="hill">
<geogFeat xml:lang="gd">Lairig</geogFeat>
<name>Eilde</name>
</geogName>
The Gaelic word lairig may be glossed as sloping hill face. The most efficient way of including this information in the above encoding would be to create a separate nym element for this component of the name and then point to it using the nymRef attribute, as further discussed in 13.3.5 Names and Nyms.
13.2.3.3 Relative Place NamesTEI: Relative Place Names¶
All the place name specifications so far discussed are absolute, in the sense that they define only one place. A place may however be specified in terms of its relationship to another place, for example ‘10 miles northeast of Paris’ or ‘near the top of Mount Sinai’. These relative place names will contain a place name which acts as a referent (e.g. ‘Paris’ and ‘Mount Sinai’). They will also contain a word or phrase indicating the position of the place being named in relation to the referent (e.g. ‘the top of’, ‘north of’). A distance, possibly only vaguely specified, between the referent place and the place being indicated may also be present (e.g. ‘10 miles’, ‘near’).
- offset la parte di un'espressione temporale o spaziale relativa che indica la direzione dello sfasamento tra due nomi di luogo, date o orari all'interno dell'espressione
- measure contiene una parola o sintagma che fa riferimento alla quantità di un oggetto o bene, contenente di solito il numero, l'unità e il nome del bene.
<offset>near the top of</offset>
<geogName>
<geogFeat>Mount</geogFeat>
<name>Sinai</name>
</geogName>
</placeName>
<measure>20 km</measure>
<offset>north of</offset>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<measure unit="km" quantity="17.7">11 miles</measure>
<offset>Northwest of</offset>
<settlement type="city">Providence</settlement>, <region type="state">RI</region>
</placeName>
The internal structure of place names is like that of personal names — complex and subject to an enormous amount of variation across time and different cultures. The recommendations in this section should however be adequate for a majority of users and applications; they may be extended using the mechanisms described in chapter 23.2 Personalization and Customization to add new elements to the existing classes. When the focus of interest is on the name components themselves, as in place name studies for example, the elements discussed in 13.3.5 Names and Nyms may also be of use. Alternatively, the meaning structure itself may be represented using feature structures (18 Feature Structures).
13.3 Biographical and Prosopographical DataTEI: Biographical and Prosopographical Data¶
This module defines a number of special purpose elements which can be used to markup biographical, historical, and prosopographical data. We envisage three basic types of users and uses for these elements. The first is the person interested in creating or converting an existing set of biographical records, for example of the type found in a Dictionary of National Biography. The second is the person hoping to create or convert a database-like collection of information about a group of people, possibly but not necessarily the people referenced in a marked-up collection of documents or a text-corpus. The third type would be those interested in the creation or conversion of biographical or CV-like structured texts for use in such applications as Human Resource management.
To cater for this diversity, these Guidelines propose a flexible approach, in which encoders may choose for themselves the degree of prescription appropriate to their needs. If one were interested, for example, in converting existing DNB-type records, and wanted to preserve the text as is, the person element (see 13.3.2 The Person Element) could simply contain the text of an article, placed within p elements, possibly using elements such as name or date to mark up features of that text. For a more structured entry, however, one would extract the data and place information contained by the text, and encode it directly using the more specific elements described in this section.
13.3.1 Basic PrinciplesTEI: Basic Principles¶
- characteristics or traits which do not, by and large, change over time
- characteristics or states which hold true only at a specific time
- events or incidents which may lead to a change of state or, less frequently, trait.
‘Characteristics’ or ‘traits’ are typically independent of an individual's volition or action and can be either physical, such as sex or hair and eye colour, or cultural, such as ethnicity, caste, or faith. The distinction is not entirely straightforward, however: while sex is fairly obviously a physical trait, gender should rather be regarded as culturally determined, and the division of mankind into different ‘races’, proposed by early (white European) anthropologists on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin colour, hair type and skull measurements, is by many modern cultural anthropologists now considered to be more a social or mental construct than an objective biological fact. Furthermore, while some characteristics will obviously change over time, hair colour for example, none, in principle — not even sex — is immutable.
‘States’ include, for example, marital status, place of residence and position or occupation. Such states have a definite duration, that is, they have a beginning and an end and are typically a consequence of the individual's own action or that of others.
By ‘changes in state’ are meant the events in a person's life such as birth, marriage, or appointment to office; such events will normally be associated with a specific date or a fairly narrow date-range. Changes in states can also cause or be caused by changes in characteristics. Any statement or assertion on any of these aspects of a person's life will be based on some source, possibly multiple sources, possibly contradictory. Taking all this into account it follows that each such statement or assertion needs to be able to be documented, put into a time frame and be relatable to other statements or assertions of the same or any of the other types.
- state specifica un componente di un riferimento canonico definito dal metodo milestone.
- trait contiene la descrizione di una caratteristica personale o legata alla cultura di appartenenza di una determinata persona
- event (event) qualsiasi fenomeno o evento non necessariamente vocale o comunicativo, come rumori accidentali o altri
fenomeni che incidano sulla comunicazione in atto
where indica la posizione di un evento facendo riferimento a un elemento place - listEvent (list of events) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable event.
13.3.2 The Person ElementTEI: The Person Element¶
Information about a person, as distinct from references to a person, for example by name, is grouped together within a person element. Information about a group of people regarded as a single entity (for example ‘the audience’ of a performance) may be encoded using the personGrp element. Note however that information about a group of people with a distinct identity (for example a named theatrical troupe) should be recorded using the org element described in section 13.3.3 Organizational Data below.
- person fornisce informazioni relative a un soggetto specifico, come i partecipanti a un'interazione verbale o le persone identificate da una fonte storica
- personGrp (gruppo di persone) descrive un gruppo di soggetti considerati come unica persona a fini analitici
- listPerson (elenco delle persone) contiene una lista di descrizioni, ciascuna delle quali fornisce informazioni relative a una persona specifica o a un gruppo di persone, per esempio i partecipanti a un'interazione verbale o le persone identificate da una fonte storica
- listRelation fornisce informazioni relative alle relazioni identificate tra persone, luoghi e organizzazioni, a livello informale discorsivo o sotto forma di legami formalmente espressi
One or more listPerson elements may be supplied within the particDesc (participant description) element in the profileDesc element of a TEI Header (see 2.4 The Profile Description). Like other forms of list, however, the listPerson can also appear within the body of a text when the module defined by this chapter is included in a schema.
<particDesc>
<listPerson type="historical">
<person xml:id="ART1">
<persName>Arthur</persName>
</person>
<person xml:id="BERT1">
<persName>Bertrand</persName>
</person>
<!-- ... -->
</listPerson>
<listPerson type="mythological">
<person xml:id="ART2">
<persName>Arthur</persName>
</person>
<person xml:id="BERT2">
<persName>Bertrand</persName>
</person>
<!-- ... -->
</listPerson>
</particDesc>
</profileDesc>
- att.responsibility provides attributes indicating who is responsible for
something asserted by the markup and the degree of certainty
associated with it.
cert (certezza) corrisponde al grado di certezza associato all'intervento o interpretazione resp (responsabile) indica il responsabile dell'intervento o interpretazione, per esempio un curatore o trascrittore - att.editLike assegna degli attributi che descrivono il carattere di un
intervento critico codificato o interpretazione di altro tipo
evidence indica il carattere delle prove a sostegno dell'affidabilità o accuratezza dell'intervento o interpretazione source contiene una lista di uno o più puntatori indicanti le fonti a sostegno di una data lettura
- person fornisce informazioni relative a un soggetto specifico, come i partecipanti a un'interazione verbale o le
persone identificate da una fonte storica
role stabilisce il ruolo o la classificazione primaria di una persona sex indica il sesso di una persona age indica la fascia di età di una persona
These attributes are intended for use where only a small amount of data is to be encoded in a more or less normalised form, possibly for many person elements, for example when encoding basic facts about respondents to a questionnaire. When however a more detailed encoding is required for all kinds of information about a person, for example in a historical gazeteer, then it will be more appropriate to use the elements age, sex and others described elsewhere in this chapter.
<attList>
<attDef mode="replace" ident="age">
<datatype>
<rng:ref name="data.enumerated"/>
</datatype>
<valList type="closed">
<valItem ident="child">
<desc>less than 18 years of age</desc>
</valItem>
<valItem ident="adult">
<desc>18 to 65 years of age</desc>
</valItem>
<valItem ident="retired">
<desc>over 65 years of age</desc>
</valItem>
</valList>
</attDef>
</attList>
</elementSpec>
The person element may contain many sub-elements, each specifying a different property of the person being described. The remainder of this section describes these more specific elements. For convenience, these elements are grouped into three classes, corresponding with the tripartite division outlined above: one for traits, one for states and one for events. Each class contains both specific elements for common types of biographical information, and a generic element for other, user-defined, types of information.
- att.datable.w3c indica degli attributi per la normalizzazione di elementi che contengono eventi databili utilizzando i tipi di dati del W3C
when indica il valore di una data o di un orario in un formato standard notBefore specifica la prima data possibile per un evento nel formato standard aaaa-mm-gg notAfter specifica l'ultima data possibile per un evento nel formato standard aaaa-mm-gg from indica l'inizio del periodo nel formato standard to indica la fine del periodo nel formato standard
13.3.2.1 Personal CharacteristicsTEI: Personal Characteristics¶
- faith indica fede, religione, o credo di una persona
- langKnowledge (conoscenza della lingua) riassume la conoscenza linguistica di una persona in forma descrittiva o tramite una lista di elementi langKnown
- langKnown (competenza linguistica) riassume la competenza di una persona in una determinata lingua
- nationality contiene una descrizione informale della nazionalità o cittadinanza presente o passata di una persona
- sex specifica il sesso di una persona
- age (age) indica l'età della persona
- socecStatus (condizione socio-economica) contiene una descrizione informale della condizione socio-economica percepita di una persona
- persName (nome proprio di persona) contiene un nome proprio o un sintagma identificabile come nome proprio, che si riferisce a una persona e può includere qualsiasi o tutti i prenomi, cognomi, titoli onorifici, o nomi aggiunti della persona in questione
- occupation contiene una descrizione informale dell'attività, professione o occupazione di una persona
- residence (residenza) descrive il luogo di residenza presente o passato di una persona
- affiliation (affiliation) contiene una descrizione informale dell'appartenenza presente o passata di una persona a una determinata organizzazione, per esempio un'azienda o un ente finanziatore
- education contiene una descrizione relativa all'istruzione di una persona
- floruit contiene informazioni relative al periodod di attività di una persona
The meanings of concepts such as sex, nationality, or age are highly culturally-dependent, and the encoder should take particular care to be explicit about any assumptions underlying their usage of them. For example, when recording personal age in different cultures, there may be different assumptions about the point from which age is reckoned. A statement of the practice adopted in a given encoding may usefully be provided in the editorialDecl element discussed in 2.3.3 The Editorial Practices Declaration.
The langKnowledge element contains either paragraphs or a number of langKnown elements; it may take a tags attribute, which provides one or more standard codes or ‘tag’s for the languages. The langKnown element must have a tag attribute, which indicates the language with the same kind of ‘language tag’. These ‘language tags’ are discussed in detail in vi.1. Language identification.
<p>Speaks fluent Fulani, Wolof, and French. Some knowledge of English.</p>
</langKnowledge>
<langKnown level="fluent" tag="ff">Fulani</langKnown>
<langKnown level="fluent" tag="wo">Wolof</langKnown>
<langKnown level="fluent" tag="fr">French</langKnown>
<langKnown level="basic" tag="en">English</langKnown>
</langKnowledge>
- trait contiene la descrizione di una caratteristica personale o legata alla cultura di appartenenza di una determinata persona
<label>Ethnicity</label>
<desc>Ethnic Albanian.</desc>
</trait>
<label>eye colour</label>
<desc>blue</desc>
</trait>
<trait type="physical">
<label>hair colour</label>
<desc>brown</desc>
</trait>
Where there is confusion between trait and state the more general purpose element state should be used even for unchanging characteristics. If you wish to distinguish between characteristics that are generally perceived to be time-bound states and those assumed to be fixed traits, then trait is available for the more static of these. The state element encodes characteristics which are sometimes assumed to change, often at specific times or over a date range, whereas the trait elements are used to record characteristics, such as eye-colour, which are less subject to change. Traits are typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder.
<persName xml:lang="is">Árni Magnússon</persName>
<persName xml:lang="da">Arne Magnusson</persName>
<persName xml:lang="la">Arnas Magnæus</persName>
</person>
<persName>Simon, son of Richard</persName>
<residence>
<placeName>
<region>Essex</region>
</placeName>
</residence>
<floruit notBefore="1219" notAfter="1223">1219-1223</floruit>
</person>
- state specifica un componente di un riferimento canonico definito dal metodo milestone.
<p>Jón's first living — which he apparently accepted rather reluctantly — was at
<name type="place">Háls í Hamarsfirði</name>, <name type="place">Múlasýsla</name>, to which
he was presented on 7 April 1777. He was ordained the following
month and spent three years at Háls, but was never happy there,
due largely to the general penury in which he was forced to live —
a recurrent theme throughout the early part of his life. In June
of 1780 the bishop recommended that Jón
should <q xml:lang="da">promoveres til andet bedre kald, end det
hand hidindtil har havt</q>, and on 12 July it was agreed that
he should exchange livings with
<name type="person" key="ThorJon">sr. Þórður Jónsson</name> at
<name type="place">Kálfafell á Síðu</name>,
<name type="place">Skaftafellssýsla</name>.</p>
<bibl>ÞÍ, Stms I.15, p. 733.</bibl>
<bibl>ÞÍ, Stms I.17, p. 102.</bibl>
</state>
<label>Nationality</label>
<desc>American citizen from 15 January 2002.</desc>
</state>
This element can be used to extend the range of descriptive information available in the same way as the trait element, using the same content model. However, if there is any confusion over whether something is a state or a trait, then the more general purpose state element should be used as almost all traits are time-bound in a general sense. state may be used for both time-bound and generally unchanging characteristics, but if you wish to distinguish between these then trait is available for the more static of these. Traits are typically, but not necessarily, independent of the volition or action of the holder.
13.3.2.2 Personal EventsTEI: Personal Events¶
- birth (birth) contiene informazioni relative al luogo e alla data di nascita di una persona
- death (death) contiene informazioni relative al luogo e alla data di morte di una persona
<!-- ... -->
<event type="marriage" when="1859-04-26">
<label>Marriage</label>
<desc>
<name type="person" ref="#WM">William Morris</name> and <name
type="person"
ref="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Burden">Jane Burden</name> were
married at <name type="place">St Michael's Church, Ship Street, Oxford</name> on
<date when="1859-04-26">26 April 1859</date>. The wedding was
conducted by Morris's friend <name type="person" ref="#RWD">R. W.
Dixon</name> with <name type="person" ref="#CBF">Charles
Faulkner</name> as
the best man. The bride was given away by her father,
<name type="person" ref="#RB">Robert Burden</name>.
According to the account that <name
type="person"
ref="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones">Burne-Jones</name>
gave <name type="person" ref="#JWM">Mackail</name>
<quote>M. said to Dixon beforehand <said>Mind
you don't call her Mary</said> but he did</quote>. The entry in the
Register reads: <quote>William Morris, 25, Bachelor Gentleman, 13
George Street, son of William Morris decd. Gentleman. Jane Burden,
minor, spinster, 65 Holywell Street, d. of Robert Burden,
Groom.</quote> The witnesses were Jane's parents and Faulkner. None of
Morris's family attended the ceremony. Morris presented Jane with a
plain gold ring bearing the London hallmark for 1858. She gave her
husband a double-handled antique silver cup.</desc>
<bibl>J. W. Mackail, <title>The Life of William Morris</title>, 1899.</bibl>
</event>
</person>
<person xml:id="RB">
<persName>Robert Burden</persName>
</person>
<person xml:id="RWD">
<persName>R.W. Dixon</persName>
</person>
<person xml:id="CBF">
<persName>Charles Faulkner</persName>
</person>
<person xml:id="EBJ">
<persName>
<forename>Edward</forename>
<surname>Burne-Jones</surname>
</persName>
</person>
<person xml:id="JWM">
<persName>J.W. Mackail</persName>
</person>
<relation name="friend" mutual="#WM #RWD"/>
<relation name="parent" active="#RB" passive="#JBM"/>
<persName notAfter="1966">David Jones</persName>
<persName notBefore="1966">David Bowie</persName>
</person>
<p>Born in <name type="place">Brixton</name> on 8 January 1947.</p>
</event>
<event type="birth" resp="#ABC" cert="low">
<p>Born in <name type="place">Berkhamsted</name> on 9 January 1947.</p>
</event>
13.3.2.3 Personal RelationshipsTEI: Personal Relationships¶
- listRelation fornisce informazioni relative alle relazioni identificate tra persone, luoghi e organizzazioni, a livello informale discorsivo o sotto forma di legami formalmente espressi
- relation (relazione) descrive una qualsiasi relazione o legame all'interno di un determinato gruppo di persone
name assegna un nome al tipo di relazione che rappresenta active identifica i partecipanti attivi in una relazione di non reciprocità, oppure tutti i partecipanti in una relazione di reciprocità mutual fornisce una lista di partecipanti tra i quali c'è una relazione paritaria passive identifica i partecipanti ‘passivi’all'interno di una relazione di non reciprocità.
A relationship, as defined here, may be any kind of describable link between specified participants. A participant (in this sense) might be a person, a place, or an organization. In the case of persons, therefore, a relationship might be a social relationship (such as employer/employee), a personal relationship (such as sibling, spouse, etc.) or something less precise such as ‘possessing shared knowledge’. A relationship may be mutual, in that all the participants engage in it on an equal footing (for example the ‘sibling’ relationship); or it may not be if participants are not identical with respect to their role in the relationship (for example, the ‘employer’ relationship). For non-mutual relationships, only two kinds of role are currently supported; they are named active and passive. These names are chosen to reflect the fact that non-mutual relations are directed, in the sense that they are most readily described by a transitive verb, or a verb phrase of the form is X of or is X to. The subject of the verb is classed as active; the direct object of the verb, or the object of the concluding preposition, as passive. Thus parents are ‘active’ and children ‘passive’ in the relationship ‘parent’ (interpreted as is parent of); the employer is ‘active’, the employee ‘passive’, in the relationship employs. These relationships can be inverted: parents are ‘passive’ and children ‘active’ in the relationship is child of; similarly ‘works for’ inverts the active and passive roles of ‘employs’.
<relation name="parent" active="#P1 #P2" passive="#P3 #P4"/>
<relation name="spouse" mutual="#P1 #P2"/>
<relation
type="social"
name="employer"
active="#P1"
passive="#P3 #P4"/>
</listRelation>
- P1 and P2 are parents of P3 and P4.
- P1 and P2 are linked in a mutual relationship called ‘spouse’ — that is, P2 is the spouse of P1, and P1 is the spouse of P2.
- P1 has the social relationship ‘employer’ with respect to P3 and P4.
Relationships within places and organizations are further discussed in the relevant section below. Relationships between for example organizations and places, or places and persons, may be handled in exactly the same way.
13.3.3 Organizational DataTEI: Organizational Data¶
- org (organizzazione) fornisce informazioni relative a un'organizzazione identificale come società, tribù, o qualsiasi altro raggruppamento di persone
- listOrg (elenco delle organizzazioni) contiene una lista di descrizioni, ognuna delle quali fornisce informazioni relative a una determinata organizzazione
An organization is not the same thing as a list or group of people because it has an identity of its own. That identity may be expressed solely in the existence of a name (for example ‘The Scythians’), but is likely to consist in the combination of that name with a number of events, traits, or states which are considered to apply to the organization itself, rather than any of its members. For example, a sports team might be defined in terms of its membership (a listPerson), its fixtures (a listPlace), its geographical affiliation (a placeName), or any combination of these. It will also have properties which may be used to categorize it in some way such as the kind of sport played, whether the team is amateur or professional, and so on: these are probably best dealt with by means of the type attribute. However, it is the name of the sports team alone which identifies it.
The content model for org permits any mixture of generic state, trait, or event elements: the presence of the orgName element described in 13.2.2 Organizational Names is however strongly recommended.
<orgName notAfter="1960">The Silver Beetles</orgName>
<orgName from="1960-08">The Beatles</orgName>
</org>
<orgName notAfter="1960">The Silver Beetles</orgName>
<orgName notBefore="1960">The Beatles</orgName>
<state type="membership" from="1960-08" to="1962-05">
<desc>
<persName>John Lennon</persName>
<persName>Paul McCartney</persName>
<persName>George Harrison</persName>
<persName>Stuart Sutcliffe</persName>
<persName>Pete Best</persName>
</desc>
</state>
<state type="membership" notBefore="1963">
<desc>
<persName>John Lennon</persName>
<persName>Paul McCartney</persName>
<persName>George Harrison</persName>
<persName>Ringo Starr</persName>
</desc>
</state>
</org>
<orgName>Oxford University Computing Services</orgName>
<org>
<orgName>Information and Support Group</orgName>
</org>
<org>
<orgName>Infrastructure Group</orgName>
<org>
<orgName>Networking Team</orgName>
</org>
<org>
<orgName>System Development Team</orgName>
</org>
</org>
<org>
<orgName>Learning Technologies Group</orgName>
</org>
</org>
<org xml:id="bu">
<orgName>Brown University</orgName>
<desc>The host contribution is made jointly by the <name type="project">Brown University Women Writers Project</name> and the
<orgName>Brown University Library's Center for Digital
Initiatives</orgName>.</desc>
</org>
<org xml:id="na">
<orgName>Nancy</orgName>
<desc>Hosting is provided by a group of institutions located in
Nancy, France, coordinated by <orgName>Loria</orgName> and also
including <orgName>ATILF</orgName> and <orgName>INIST</orgName>.</desc>
</org>
<org xml:id="ou">
<orgName>Oxford University</orgName>
<desc>Hosting is provided by the <orgName>Research Technologies
Service</orgName> at <orgName>Oxford University Computing
Services</orgName>.</desc>
</org>
<org xml:id="uv">
<orgName>University of Virginia</orgName>
<desc>Virginia's host support comes jointly from the
<orgName>Institute for Advanced Technology in the
Humanities</orgName> and the <orgName>University of Virginia
Library</orgName>.</desc>
</org>
<!-- from http://www.tei-c.org/About/hosting.xml-->
</listOrg>
</p>
13.3.4 PlacesTEI: Places¶
In 13.2.3 Place Names we discuss various ways of naming places such as towns, countries, etc. In much the same way as these Guidelines distinguish between the encoding of names for people and the encoding of other data about people, so they also distinguish between the encoding of names for places and the encoding of other data about places. In this section we present elements which may be used to record in a structured way data about places of any kind which might be named or referenced within a text. Such data may be useful as a way of normalising or standardizing references to particular places, as the raw material for a gazetteer or similar reference document associated with a particular text or set of texts, or in conjunction with any form of geographical information system.
The model.placeStateLike class contains elements describing characteristics of a place which have a definite duration, such as its name. Any member of the model.placeNamePart may be used for this purpose, since a place element will usually contain at least one, and possibly several, placeName-like elements indicating the names associated with it, by different people, in different languages, or at different times.
For example, the modern city of Lyon in France was in Roman times known as Lugdunum. Although the modern and the Roman city are not physically co-extensive, they have significant areas which overlap, and we may therefore wish to regard them as the same place, while supplying both names with an indication of the time period during which each was current.
A place is defined, however, by its physical location, which does not typically change over time. Locations may be specified in a number of ways: as a set of coordinates defining a point or an area on the surface of the earth, or by providing a description of how the place may be found, usually in terms of other place names. For example, we can identify the location of the Canadian city of London, either by specifying its latitute and longitude, or by specifying that we mean the city called London located in the province called Ontario within the country called Canada.
In addition we may wish to supply a brief characterization of the place identified, for example to state that it is a city, an administrative area such as a country, or a landmark of some kind such as a monument or a battlefield. If our typology of places is simple, the open ended type attribute is the easiest way to represent it: so we might say <place type="city">, <place type="battlefield"> etc.
13.3.4.1 Varieties of LocationTEI: Varieties of Location¶
- by supplying a string representing its coordinates in some standardized way within a geo element, as shown below
- by supplying one or more place name component elements (e.g. country, settlement etc.) to place it within a geo-political context
- by supplying a postal address, e.g. using the address element
- by supplying a brief textual description, e.g. using the desc element
- by using a non-TEI XML vocabulary such as the Geography Markup Language
<placeName notBefore="1400">Lyon</placeName>
<placeName notAfter="0056">Lugdunum</placeName>
<location>
<geo>45.769559 4.834843</geo>
</location>
</place>
<placeName notBefore="1400">Lyon</placeName>
<placeName notAfter="0056">Lugdunum</placeName>
<location>
<bloc>EU</bloc>
<country>France</country>
</location>
</place>
<placeName>Brasserie Georges</placeName>
<location>
<country key="FR"/>
<settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement>
<district type="arrondissement">Perrache</district>
<placeName type="street">Rue de la Charité</placeName>
</location>
</place>
<placeName>Atlantis</placeName>
<location>
<offset>beyond</offset>
<placeName>The Pillars of <persName>Hercules</persName>
</placeName>
</location>
</place>
<placeName notAfter="1969">Yasgur's Farm</placeName>
<placeName notBefore="1969">Woodstock Festival Site</placeName>
<location>
<measure>one mile</measure>
<offset>north west of</offset>
<settlement>Bethel</settlement>
<region>New York</region>
</location>
</place>
<placeName>Protestant Cemetery</placeName>
<placeName type="official" xml:lang="it">Cimitero Acattolico</placeName>
<location type="geopolitical">
<country>Italy</country>
<settlement>Rome</settlement>
<district>Testaccio</district>
</location>
<location type="address">
<address>
<addrLine>Via Caio Cestio, 6</addrLine>
<addrLine>00153 Roma</addrLine>
</address>
</location>
</place>
The location element may thus identify a place to a greater or lesser degree of precision, using a variety of means: a name, a set of names, or a set of coordinates. The geo element introduced earlier is by default understood to supply a value expressed in a specific (and widely used) notation; this may be modified in two ways.
- geoDecl (dichiarazione di coordinate geografiche) documenta la notazione e il dato utilizzati per le
coordinate geografiche espressi come contenuto di un elemento geo collocato altrove all'interno
del documento
datum indica un nome in codice comunemente impiegato per il dato utilizzato
<placeName notBefore="1400">Lyon</placeName>
<placeName notAfter="0056">Lugdunum</placeName>
<location>
<geo>
<gml:Polygon>
<gml:exterior>
<gml:LinearRing> 45.256 -110.45 46.46 -109.48 43.84 -109.86 45.8 -109.2
45.256 -110.45 </gml:LinearRing></gml:exterior></gml:Polygon>
</geo>
</location>
</place>
A bibl element may be used within location to indicate the source of the location information.
13.3.4.2 Multiple PlacesTEI: Multiple Places¶
<country>Lithuania</country>
<country xml:lang="lt">Lietuva</country>
<place>
<settlement>Vilnius</settlement>
</place>
<place>
<settlement>Kaunas</settlement>
</place>
</place>
This does not, of course, imply that Vilnius and Kaunas are the only places constituting Lithuania; only that they are within it. A separate place element may indicate that it is a part of Lithuania by supplying a relation element, as discussed below (13.3.4.4 Relations Between Places).
<placeName>Mascarene Islands</placeName>
<placeName>Mascarenhas Archipelago</placeName>
<place type="island">
<placeName>Mauritius</placeName>
<listPlace type="offshoreIslands">
<place>
<placeName>La roche qui pleure</placeName>
</place>
<place>
<placeName>Île aux cerfs</placeName>
</place>
</listPlace>
</place>
<place type="island">
<placeName>Rodrigues</placeName>
</place>
<place type="island">
<placeName>Réunion</placeName>
</place>
</place>
<placeName xml:lang="cy">Cymru</placeName>
<placeName xml:lang="en">Wales</placeName>
<placeName xml:lang="la">Wallie</placeName>
<placeName xml:lang="la">Wallia</placeName>
<placeName xml:lang="fro">Le Waleis</placeName>
<place xml:id="carmarthenshire" type="region">
<region type="county" xml:lang="en" notBefore="1284">Carmarthenshire</region>
<place xml:id="carmarthen" type="settlement">
<placeName xml:lang="en">Carmarthen</placeName>
<placeName xml:lang="la" notBefore="1090" notAfter="1300">Kaermerdin</placeName>
<placeName xml:lang="cy">Caerfyrddin</placeName>
<place xml:id="carmarthen_castle" type="castle">
<settlement>castle of Carmarthen</settlement>
</place>
</place>
</place>
</place>
As noted previously, country, region, and settlement are all specializations of the generic placeName element; they are not specializations of the place element. If it is desired to distinguish amongst kinds of place this can only be done by means of the type attribute as in the above example.
<placeName>Herefordshire</placeName>
<listPlace type="villages">
<place>
<placeName>Abbey Dore</placeName>
<location>
<geo>51.969604 -2.893146</geo>
</location>
</place>
<place>
<placeName>Acton Beauchamp</placeName>
</place>
<!-- etc -->
</listPlace>
<listPlace type="towns">
<place>
<placeName>Hereford</placeName>
</place>
<place>
<placeName>Leominster</placeName>
</place>
<!-- etc -->
</listPlace>
</place>
13.3.4.3 States, Traits, and EventsTEI: States, Traits, and Events¶
- population contiene informazioni relative alla popolazione di un dato luogo
- climate (climate) contiene informazioni relative al clima fisico di un luogo
- terrain contiene informazioni relative al terreno fisico di un luogo
These are all specializations of the generic trait element. This element may be used for almost any kind of event in the life of a place; no specialized version of this element is proposed, nor do we attempt to enumerate the possible values which might be appropriate for the type attribute on any of these generic elements.
<placeName xml:lang="en">Iceland</placeName>
<placeName xml:lang="is">Ísland</placeName>
<location>
<geo>65.00 -18.00</geo>
</location>
<terrain>
<desc>Area: 103,000 sq km</desc>
</terrain>
<state type="governance" notBefore="1944">
<p>Constitutional republic</p>
</state>
<state type="governance" notAfter="1944">
<p>Part of the kingdom of <placeName key="DK">Denmark</placeName>
</p>
</state>
<event type="governance" when="1944-06-17">
<desc>Iceland became independent on 17 June 1944.</desc>
</event>
<state type="governance" from="1944-06-17">
<p>An independent republic since June 1944</p>
</state>
</place>
<placeName>Greece</placeName>
<climate>
<desc>Greece's climate is divided into three well defined
classes:</desc>
<climate>
<label>Mediterranean</label>
<desc>It features mild, wet winters and hot, dry
summers. Temperatures rarely reach extremes, although snowfalls do
occur occasionally even in <placeName>Athens</placeName>,
<placeName>Cyclades</placeName> or <placeName>Crete</placeName>
during the winter.</desc>
</climate>
<climate>
<label>Alpine</label>
<desc>It is found primarily in <placeName>
<offset>Western</offset>
Greece</placeName> (<placeName>Epirus</placeName>,
<placeName>
<offset>Central</offset> Greece</placeName>,
<placeName>Thessaly</placeName>,
<placeName>
<offset>Western</offset> Macedonia</placeName> as well
as central parts of <placeName>Peloponnesus</placeName> like
<placeName>Achaea</placeName>, <placeName>Arcadia</placeName> and
parts of <placeName>Laconia</placeName> where the Alpine range pass
by)</desc>
</climate>
<climate>
<label>Temperate</label>
<desc>It is found in <placeName>
<offset>Central</offset> and
<offset>Eastern</offset> Macedonia</placeName> as well as in
<placeName>Thrace</placeName> at places like
<placeName>Komotini</placeName>, <placeName>Xanthi</placeName> and
<placeName>
<offset>northern</offset> Evros</placeName>. It features
cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers.</desc>
</climate>
</climate>
</place>
type="squirrel"
notBefore="1901"
notAfter="1902-01-11"
resp="#strabo">
<population type="red" when="1901-01-10">
<population type="female">
<desc>12</desc>
</population>
<population type="male">
<desc>15</desc>
</population>
</population>
<population type="gray" when="1902-01-10" cert="high">
<population type="female">
<desc>23</desc>
</population>
<population type="male" cert="low" resp="#biber">
<desc>45</desc>
</population>
</population>
</population>
<desc>All day meeting to resolve content models</desc>
<event type="preamble" notAfter="13:00:00">
<desc>first part</desc>
</event>
<event type="conclusions" notBefore="13:00:00">
<desc>second part</desc>
</event>
</event>
An event element is usually used to record information about a place, or a person; for this reason the element usually appears as content of a place or person. However, it is also possible to describe events independently of either a person or a place. This may be useful in such applications as chronologies, lists of significant events such as battles, legislation, etc.
The listEvent element is a member of the model.listLike class, and may therefore appear wherever lists are permitted, in the same way as the listPerson, listPlace etc. elements described elsewhere in this chapter.
<event
when="1713"
ref="http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/ItemRecord/9_01832">
<label>Treaty of Utrecht</label>
<desc>France ceded to Great Britain its claims to the <orgName>Hudson's Bay
Company</orgName> territories in <placeName>Rupert's Land</placeName>,
<placeName>Newfoundland</placeName>, and
<placeName>Acadia</placeName> and recognized British suzerainty over <orgName type="tribe">the Iroquois</orgName> but retained its other pre-war
North American possessions, including
<placeName key="PEI">Île-Saint-Jean</placeName> (now <placeName key="PEI">Prince Edward
Island</placeName>)...</desc>
</event>
<event when="1774" key="14-GeoIII-c83">
<label>Quebec Act</label>
<desc>This act of the British Parliament guaranteed free practice of
the Catholic faith and restored use of the French Civil Code for
private matters throughout the Province of Quebec, which had been
expanded in territory following the <ref>Treaty of Paris</ref>.</desc>
</event>
<event
when="1778"
ref="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/del1778.asp">
<label>Treaty of Fort Pitt</label>
<desc>Also known as the <name type="event">Treaty with the
Delawares</name>, this was the first written treaty between the newly
formed <orgName>United States</orgName> and any Native American people, in this
case, the <orgName type="tribe">Lenape</orgName> or Delawares.</desc>
</event>
</listEvent>
13.3.4.4 Relations Between PlacesTEI: Relations Between Places¶
<place xml:id="MASC">
<placeName>Mascarene islands</placeName>
<placeName>Mascarenhas Archipelago</placeName>
</place>
<place xml:id="MRU">
<placeName>Mauritius</placeName>
<!-- ... -->
</place>
<place xml:id="ROD">
<placeName>Rodrigues</placeName>
</place>
<place xml:id="REN">
<placeName>Réunion</placeName>
</place>
<relation name="contains" active="#MASC" passive="#ROD #MRU #REN"/>
</listPlace>
<placeName>France</placeName>
</place>
13.3.5 Names and NymsTEI: Names and Nyms¶
<nym xml:id="N123">
<form>Antony</form>
</nym>
<!-- other nym definitions here -->
</listNym>
....
<person xml:id="BLT">
<persName>Tony Blair</persName>
<occupation>politician</occupation>
</person>
<form>
<orth xml:lang="en-US">Ian</orth>
<orth xml:lang="en-x-Scots">Iain</orth>
</form>
</nym>
<form>Bogomil</form>
<etym>Means <gloss>favoured by God</gloss> from the
<lang>Slavic</lang> elements <mentioned xml:lang="ru">bog</mentioned>
<gloss>God</gloss> and <mentioned xml:lang="ru">mil</mentioned>
<gloss>favour</gloss>
</etym>
</nym>
<form>
<choice>
<seg type="morph">
<seg>Bog</seg>
<seg>o</seg>
<seg>mil</seg>
</seg>
<seg type="morph">
<seg>Bogo</seg>
<seg>mil</seg>
</seg>
</choice>
</form>
</nym>
<form>bog</form>
</nym>
<nym xml:id="M1" type="part">
<form>mil</form>
</nym>
<form>Bogomil</form>
</nym>
<form xml:lang="la">Iohannes</form>
<nym xml:id="J450">
<form xml:lang="en">John</form>
<nym xml:id="J4501">
<form>Johnny</form>
</nym>
<nym xml:id="J4502">
<form>Jon</form>
</nym>
</nym>
<nym xml:id="J455">
<form xml:lang="ru">Ivan</form>
</nym>
<nym xml:id="J453">
<form xml:lang="fr">Jean</form>
</nym>
</nym>
<geogFeat xml:lang="gd" nymRef="#LAIRG">Lairig</geogFeat>
<name>Eilde</name>
</geogName>
...
<nym xml:id="LAIRG">
<form xml:lang="gd">lairig</form>
<def>sloping hill face</def>
</nym>
...
13.3.6 Dates and TimesTEI: Dates and Times¶
- offset la parte di un'espressione temporale o spaziale relativa che indica la direzione dello sfasamento tra due nomi di luogo, date o orari all'interno dell'espressione
- att.datable.w3c indica degli attributi per la normalizzazione di elementi che contengono eventi databili utilizzando i tipi di dati del W3C
when indica il valore di una data o di un orario in un formato standard - att.duration.w3c attributi per la registrazione di durate temporali normalizzate
dur (durata) indica la durata nel tempo di tale elemento
13.3.6.1 Relative Dates and Times TEI: Relative Dates and Times ¶
As noted above, relative dates and times such as ‘in the Two Hundredth and First Year of the Republic’, ‘twenty minutes before noon’, and, more ambiguously, ‘after the lamented death of the Doctor’ or ‘an hour after the game’ have two distinct components. As well as the absolute temporal expression or event to which reference is made (e.g. ‘noon’, ‘the game’, ‘the death of the Doctor’, ‘[the foundation of] the Republic’), they also contain a description of the ‘distance’ between the time or date which is indicated and the referent expression (e.g. ‘the Two Hundredth and First Year’, ‘twenty minutes’, ‘an hour’); and (optionally) an ‘offset’ describing the direction of the distance between the time or date indicated and the referent expression (e.g. ‘of’ implying after, ‘before’, ‘after’).
The ‘distance’ component of a relative temporal expression may be encoded as a temporal element in its own right using either date or time, or with the more generic measure element. A special element, offset, is provided by this module for encoding the ‘offset’ component of a relative temporal expression. The absolute temporal expression contained within the relative expression may be encoded with a date or time element; in turn, those elements may of course be relative, and thus contain date or time elements within themselves. This allows for deeply nested structures such as ‘the third Sunday after the first Monday before Lammastide in the fifth year of the King's second marriage ... ’ but so does natural language.
<date dur="P14D">A fortnight</date>
<offset>before</offset>
<date when="1786-12-25" type="holiday">Christmas 1786</date>
</date>
<time dur="PT30M0S">precisely half an hour</time>
<offset>after</offset>
<time when="13:45:00" type="occasion">the departure of the afternoon train to Boston</time>
</time>
<date>A week</date>
<offset>before</offset>
<date when="--12-09">
<date type="occasion">my birthday</date>
on <date>9th December</date>
</date>
</date>
<date>A week</date>
<offset>before</offset>
<date type="occasion" when="--12-16">my birthday</date>
on <date>9th December</date>
</date>
and wickedness; it sends our multitudes to pollute and demoralize the
country.
<f name="event">
<string>the Fair</string>
</f>
<f name="place">
<string>Glasgow</string>
</f>
<f name="year">
<numeric value="1850"/>
</f>
<f name="from-value">
<string>1850-08-08</string>
</f>
<f name="to-value">
<string>1850-09-19</string>
</f>
</fs>
13.3.6.2 Absolute Dates and TimesTEI: Absolute Dates and Times¶
The following are examples of absolute temporal expressions.
of American affairs produced a stinging attack by Edmund Burke in the
Commons debate of <date when="1775-10-26">26 October 1775</date>
holidays, <date when="--07-04" type="occasion">Independence Day</date>
the most turbulent.
<time type="twentyfourHour" when="13:45:00">13:45</time>
<time xml:lang="en-US" type="descriptive" when="13:45:00-05:00"> a quarter of two
</time>
13.3.6.3 More Expressive NormalizationsTEI: More Expressive Normalizations¶
The attributes for normalization of dates and times so far described use a standard format defined by XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition. This format is widely accepted and has significant software support. It is essentially a profile of ISO 8601 Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of dates and times. The full ISO standard provides formats not available in the W3C recommendation, for example, the capability to refer to a date by its ordinal date or week date, or to refer to a century. It also provides ways of indicating duration and range.
- att.datable.iso indica attributi per la normalizzazione tramite lo standard ISO 8601 di elementi che contengono eventi
databili
when-iso indica il valore di una data o di un orario in un formato standard notBefore-iso specifica la prima data possibile per un evento nel formato standard aaaa-mm-gg notAfter-iso specifica l'ultima data possibile per un evento nel formato standard aaaa-mm-gg from-iso indica l'inizio del periodo nel formato standard to-iso indica la fine del periodo nel formato standard - att.duration.iso attributi per registrare durate temporali normalizzate
dur-iso (durata) indica la durata nel tempo dell'elemento
<date from="1301" dur="P1Y">fourteenth century</date>
<date when-iso="1301/1400">fourteenth century</date>
<date when-iso="1301/P1Y">fourteenth century</date>
13.4 Module for Names and DatesTEI: Module for Names and Dates¶
- Modulo namesdates: Nomi e date
- Elementi definiti: addName affiliation age birth bloc climate country death district education event faith floruit forename genName geo geogFeat geogName langKnowledge langKnown listEvent listNym listOrg listPerson listPlace listRelation location nameLink nationality nym occupation offset org orgName persName person personGrp place placeName population region relation relationGrp residence roleName settlement sex socecStatus state surname terrain trait
- Classi definite: att.datable.custom att.datable.iso att.duration.iso model.persNamePart
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