P5: Richtlinien für die Auszeichnung und den Austausch elektronischer Texte

The teiHeader element should be clearly distinguished from the front matter of the text itself (for which see section 4.5 Front Matter). A composite text, such as a corpus or collection, may contain several headers, as further discussed below. In the general case, however, a TEI-conformant text will contain a single teiHeader element, followed by a single text or facsimile element, or both.

The header element has the following description:

• teiHeader (TEI-Header (elektronische Titelseite)) Beschreibungen und Erklärungen, die eine elektronische Titelseite ergeben, die jedem TEI-konformen Text vorangestellt ist.

  type	beschreibt die Art des Dokuments, zu dem der Header gehört

As discussed above, the teiHeader element has four principal components:

• fileDesc (Dateibeschreibung) enthält die detaillierte bibliografische Beschreibung einer elektronischen Datei.
• encodingDesc (Beschreibung der Kodierung ) dokumentiert das Verhältnis zwischen dem elektronischen Text und seiner Quelle oder den Quellen, von der oder von denen er abstammt
• profileDesc (Beschreibung des Textprofils) enthält eine genaue Beschreibung der nicht bibliografischen Kennzeichnungen des Texts, besonders der verwendeten Sprachen und Subsprachen, der Entstehungsbedingungen, der Teilnehmer und ihres Umfelds.
• revisionDesc (Beschreibung der Textrevision) enthällt alle Revisionsschritte, die an der Datei vorgenommen wurden.

The elements occurring within the TEI header may contain several types of content; the following list indicates how these types of content are described in the following sections:

free prose

Most elements contain simple running prose at some level. Many elements may contain either prose (possibly organized into paragraphs) or more specific elements, which themselves contain prose. In this chapter's descriptions of element content, the phrase prose description should be understood to imply a series of paragraphs, each marked as a p element. The word phrase, by contrast, should be understood to imply character data, interspersed as need be with phrase-level elements, but not organized into paragraphs. For more information on paragraphs, highlighted phrases, lists, etc., see section 3.1 Paragraphs.

grouping elements

Elements whose names end with the suffix Stmt (e.g. editionStmt, titleStmt) usually enclose a group of specialized elements recording some structured information. In the case of the bibliographic elements, the suffix Stmt is used in names of elements corresponding to the ‘areas’ of the International Standard Bibliographic Description.⁴ In most cases grouping elements may contain prose descriptions as an alternative to the set of specialized elements, thus allowing the encoder to choose whether or not the information concerned should be presented in a structured form or in prose.

declarations

Elements whose names end with the suffix Decl (e.g. tagsDecl, refsDecl) enclose information about specific encoding practices applied in the electronic text; often these practices are described in coded form. Typically, such information takes the form of a series of declarations, identifying a code with some more complex structure or description. A declaration which applies to more than one text or division of a text need not be repeated in the header of each such text or subdivision. Instead, the decls attribute of each text (or subdivision of the text) to which the declaration applies may be used to supply a cross-reference to it, as further described in section 15.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text.

descriptions

Elements whose names end with the suffix Desc (e.g. settingDesc, projectDesc) contain a prose description, possibly, but not necessarily, organized under some specific headings by suggested sub-elements.

The titleStmt element is the first component of the fileDesc element, and is mandatory:

• titleStmt ( Titelinformation) umfasst Angaben zum Titel eines Werks und zu den für seinen Inhalt Verantwortlichen

It contains the title given to the electronic work, together with one or more optional statements of responsibility which identify the encoder, editor, author, compiler, or other parties responsible for it:

• title contains a title for any kind of work.
• author in a bibliographic reference, contains the name(s) of an author, personal or corporate, of a work; for example in the same form as that provided by a recognized bibliographic name authority.
• editor contains a secondary statement of responsibility for a bibliographic item, for example the name of an individual, institution or organization, (or of several such) acting as editor, compiler, translator, etc.
• sponsor gibt den Namen einer Organisation oder Institution an, die als finanzieller Förderer auftritt
• funder (Finanzier) gibt den Namen einer Einzelperson, Institution oder Organisation an, die für die Finanzierung eines Projects oder Textes verantwortlich ist.
• principal (Projektleiter) gibt den Namen des Mitarbeiters an, der hauptsächlich für die Herstellung eines elektronischen Textes verantwortlich ist.
• respStmt (statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work.
• resp (responsibility) contains a phrase describing the nature of a person's intellectual responsibility, or an organization's role in the production or distribution of a work.
• name (name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase.

The title element contains the chief name of the electronic work, including any alternative title or subtitles it may have. It may be repeated, if the work has more than one title (perhaps in different languages) and takes whatever form is considered appropriate by its creator. Where the electronic work is derived from an existing source text, it is strongly recommended that the title for the former should be derived from the latter, but clearly distinguishable from it, for example by the addition of a phrase such as ‘: an electronic transcription’ or ‘a digital edition’. This will distinguish the electronic work from the source text in citations and in catalogues which contain descriptions of both types of material.

The electronic work will also have an external name (its ‘filename’ or ‘data set name’) or reference number on the computer system where it resides at any time. This name is likely to change frequently, as new copies of the file are made on the computer system. Its form is entirely dependent on the particular computer system in use and thus cannot always easily be transferred from one system to another. Moreover, a given work may be composed of many files. For these reasons, these Guidelines strongly recommend that such names should not be used as the title for any electronic work.

Helpful guidance on the formulation of useful descriptive titles in difficult cases may be found in the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (Gorman and Winkler, 1978, chapter 25) or in equivalent national-level bibliographical documentation.

The elements author, editor, sponsor, funder, and principal, are specializations of the more general respStmt element. These elements are used to provide the statements of responsibility which identify the person(s) responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of an item and any corporate bodies from which it emanates.

Any number of such statements may occur within the title statement. At a minimum, identify the author of the text and (where appropriate) the creator of the file. If the bibliographic description is for a corpus, identify the creator of the corpus. Optionally include also names of others involved in the transcription or elaboration of the text, sponsors, and funding agencies. The name of the person responsible for physical data input need not normally be recorded, unless that person is also intellectually responsible for some aspect of the creation of the file.

Where the person whose responsibility is to be documented is not an author, sponsor, funding body, or principal researcher, the respStmt element should be used. This has two subcomponents: a name element identifying a responsible individual or organization, and a resp element indicating the nature of the responsibility. No specific recommendations are made at this time as to appropriate content for the resp: it should make clear the nature of the responsibility concerned, as in the examples below.

Names given may be personal names or corporate names. Give all names in the form in which the persons or bodies wish to be publicly cited. This would usually be the fullest form of the name, including first names.⁵

The editionStmt element is the second component of the fileDesc element. It is optional but recommended.

• editionStmt (Erklärung zur Edition) umfasst die Angaben zu einer Edition eines Textes.

It contains either phrases or more specialized elements identifying the edition and those responsible for it:

• edition (Edition) beschreibt die Besonderheiten einer Edition eines Textes.
• respStmt (statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work.
• name (name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase.
• resp (responsibility) contains a phrase describing the nature of a person's intellectual responsibility, or an organization's role in the production or distribution of a work.

For printed texts, the word edition applies to the set of all the identical copies of an item produced from one master copy and issued by a particular publishing agency or a group of such agencies. A change in the identity of the distributing body or bodies does not normally constitute a change of edition, while a change in the master copy does.

For electronic texts, the notion of a ‘master copy’ is not entirely appropriate, since they are far more easily copied and modified than printed ones; nonetheless the term edition may be used for a particular state of a machine-readable text at which substantive changes are made and fixed. Synonymous terms used in these Guidelines are version, level, and release. The words revision and update, by contrast, are used for minor changes to a file which do not amount to a new edition.

No simple rule can specify how ‘substantive’ changes have to be before they are regarded as producing a new edition, rather than a simple update. The general principle proposed here is that the production of a new edition entails a significant change in the intellectual content of the file, rather than its encoding or appearance. The addition of analytic coding to a text would thus constitute a new edition, while automatic conversion from one coded representation to another would not. Changes relating to the character code or physical storage details, corrections of misspellings, simple changes in the arrangement of the contents and changes in the output format do not normally constitute a new edition, whereas the addition of new information (e.g. a linguistic analysis expressed in part-of-speech tagging, sound or graphics, referential links to external data sets) almost always does.

Clearly, there will always be borderline cases and the matter is somewhat arbitrary. The simplest rule is: if you think that your file is a new edition, then call it such. An edition statement is optional for the first release of a computer file; it is mandatory for each later release, though this requirement cannot be enforced by the parser.

Note that all changes in a file considered significant, whether or not they are regarded as constituting a new edition or simply a new revision, should be independently noted in the revision description section of the file header (see section 2.5 The Revision Description).

The edition element should contain phrases describing the edition or version, including the word edition, version, or equivalent, together with a number or date, or terms indicating difference from other editions such as new edition, revised edition etc. Any dates that occur within the edition statement should be marked with the date element. The n attribute of the edition element may be used as elsewhere to supply any formal identification (such as a version number) for the edition.

One or more respStmt elements may also be used to supply statements of responsibility for the edition in question. These may refer to individuals or corporate bodies and can indicate functions such as that of a reviser, or can name the person or body responsible for the provision of supplementary matter, of appendices, etc., in a new edition. For further detail on the respStmt element, see section 3.11 Bibliographic Citations and References.

The extent element is the third component of the fileDesc element. It is optional.

• extent beschreibt die ungefähre Größe des elektronischen Texts, die er auf einem Datenträger einnimmt (Angabe in entsprechenden Maßeinheiten).

For printed books, information about the carrier, such as the kind of medium used and its size, are of great importance in cataloguing procedures. The print-oriented rules for bibliographic description of an item's medium and extent need some re-interpretation when applied to electronic media. An electronic file exists as a distinct entity quite independently of its carrier and remains the same intellectual object whether it is stored on a magnetic tape, a CD-ROM, a set of floppy disks, or as a file on a mainframe computer. Since, moreover, these Guidelines are specifically aimed at facilitating transparent document storage and interchange, any purely machine-dependent information should be irrelevant as far as the file header is concerned.

This is particularly true of information about file-type although library-oriented rules for cataloguing often distinguish two types of computer file: ‘data’ and ‘programs’. This distinction is quite difficult to draw in some cases, for example, hypermedia or texts with built in search and retrieval software.

Although it is equally system-dependent, some measure of the size of the computer file may be of use for cataloguing and other practical purposes. Because the measurement and expression of file size is fraught with difficulties, only very general recommendations are possible; the element extent is provided for this purpose. It contains a phrase indicating the size or approximate size of the computer file in one of the following ways:

• in bytes of a specified length (e.g. ‘4000 16-bit bytes’)
• as falling within a range of categories, for example:
  • less than 1 Mb
  • between 1 Mb and 5 Mb
  • between 6 Mb and 10 Mb
  • over 10 Mb
• in terms of any convenient logical units (for example, words or sentences, citations, paragraphs)
• in terms of any convenient physical units (for example, blocks, disks, tapes)

The use of standard abbreviations for units of quantity is recommended where applicable, here as elsewhere (see http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html).

The publicationStmt element is the fourth component of the fileDesc element and is mandatory.

• publicationStmt (Erklärung zum Status der Veröffentlichung ) umfasst Angaben zu Veröffentlichung oder Vertrieb eines elektronischen oder sonstigen Texts.

It may contain either a simple prose description organized as one or more paragraphs, or one or more elements from the model.publicationStmtPart class. This class groups a number of elements which are discussed in order below.

• publisher provides the name of the organization responsible for the publication or distribution of a bibliographic item.
• distributor gibt die Person oder Stelle an, die für den Vertrieb des Texts verantwortlich ist.
• authority (Freigabeinstanz) gibt die Person oder Stelle (außer Verlag oder Vertrieb) an, die für die Zugang zu einer elektronischen Datei verantwortlich ist.

The publisher is the person or institution by whose authority a given edition of the file is made public. The distributor is the person or institution from whom copies of the text may be obtained. Where a text is not considered formally published, but is nevertheless made available for circulation by some individual or organization, this person or institution is termed the release authority.

At least one of the above three elements must be present, unless the entire publication statement is given as prose. Each may be followed by one or more of the following elements, in the following order:⁶

• pubPlace (publication place) contains the name of the place where a bibliographic item was published.
• address contains a postal address, for example of a publisher, an organization, or an individual.
• idno (Identifikationsnummer) gibt eine standardisierte oder nicht standardisierte Nummer an, die genutzt wird um einen Text bibliografisch eindeutig zu identifizieren

  type	bestimmt die Nummer, zum Beispiel als ISBN-Nummer oder als eine andere Standardseriennummer.

• availability beschreibt die Nutzbarkeit eines Textes, zum Beispiel Einschränkungen den Gebrauch oder die Weitergabe betreffend, den Copyright-Status usw.

  status

  gibt einen Kode an, der die derzeitige Nutzbarkeit eines Textes festlegt.

• date contains a date in any format.

Note that the dates, places, etc., given in the publication statement relate to the publisher, distributor, or release authority most recently mentioned. If the text was created at some date other than its date of publication, its date of creation should be given within the profileDesc element, not in the publication statement. Give any other useful dates (e.g., dates of collection of data) in a note.

Additional detailed elements may be used for the encoding of names, dates, and addresses, as further described in section 3.5 Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses when the module described in chapter 13 Names, Dates, People, and Places is included in a schema.

Where the work is covered by a formal licence (such as a Creative Commons licence), the licence element may be included in availability, with its target attribute pointing to an instance of the licence document. The content of the licence element may include the full text of the licence, or a brief statement of its applicability.

The seriesStmt element is the fifth component of the fileDesc element and is optional.

• seriesStmt (Erklärung zu einer Publikationsreihe) umfasst (wenn nötig) Angaben zu einer Reihe, zu der eine Veröffentlichung gehört

In bibliographic parlance, a series may be defined in one of the following ways:

• A group of separate items related to one another by the fact that each item bears, in addition to its own title proper, a collective title applying to the group as a whole. The individual items may or may not be numbered.
• Each of two or more volumes of essays, lectures, articles, or other items, similar in character and issued in sequence.
• A separately numbered sequence of volumes within a series or serial.

The seriesStmt element may contain a prose description or one or more of the following more specific elements:

• title contains a title for any kind of work.
• idno (Identifikationsnummer) gibt eine standardisierte oder nicht standardisierte Nummer an, die genutzt wird um einen Text bibliografisch eindeutig zu identifizieren
• respStmt (statement of responsibility) supplies a statement of responsibility for the intellectual content of a text, edition, recording, or series, where the specialized elements for authors, editors, etc. do not suffice or do not apply. May also be used to encode information about individuals or organizations which have played a role in the production or distribution of a bibliographic work.
• resp (responsibility) contains a phrase describing the nature of a person's intellectual responsibility, or an organization's role in the production or distribution of a work.
• name (name, proper noun) contains a proper noun or noun phrase.

The idno may be used to supply any identifying number associated with the item, including both standard numbers such as an ISSN and particular issue numbers. (Arabic numerals separated by punctuation are recommended for this purpose: 6.19.33, for example, rather than VI/xix:33). Its type attribute is used to categorize the number further, taking the value ISSN for an ISSN for example.

The notesStmt element is the sixth component of the fileDesc element and is optional. If used, it contains one or more note elements, each containing a single piece of descriptive information of the kind treated as ‘general notes’ in traditional bibliographic descriptions.

• notesStmt (Erklärung zu Anmerkungen) fasst weitere Anmerkungen mit Informationen über den Text zusammen, zusätzlich zu den Informationen, die in anderen Teilen der bibliografischen Beschreibung bereits festgehalten sind.
• note contains a note or annotation.

Some information found in the notes area in conventional bibliography has been assigned specific elements in these Guidelines; in particular the following items should be tagged as indicated, rather than as general notes:

• the nature, scope, artistic form, or purpose of the file; also the genre or other intellectual category to which it may belong: e.g. ‘Text types: newspaper editorials and reportage, science fiction, westerns, and detective stories’. These should be formally described within the profileDesc element (section 2.4 The Profile Description).
• summary description providing a factual, non-evaluative account of the subject content of the file: e.g. ‘Transcribes interviews on general topics with native speakers of English in 17 cities during the spring and summer of 1963.’ These should also be formally described within the profileDesc element (section 2.4 The Profile Description).
• bibliographic details relating to the source or sources of an electronic text: e.g. ‘Transcribed from the Norton facsimile of the 1623 Folio’. These should be formally described in the sourceDesc element (section 2.2.7 The Source Description).
• further information relating to publication, distribution, or release of the text, including sources from which the text may be obtained, any restrictions on its use or formal terms on its availability. These should be placed in the appropriate division of the publicationStmt element (section 2.2.4 Publication, Distribution, Licencing, etc.).
• publicly documented numbers associated with the file: e.g. ‘ICPSR study number 1803’ or ‘Oxford Text Archive text number 1243’. These should be placed in an idno element within the appropriate division of the publicationStmt element. International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSN), International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN), and other internationally agreed upon standard numbers that uniquely identify an item, should be treated in the same way, rather than as specialized bibliographic notes.

Nevertheless, the notesStmt element may be used to record potentially significant details about the file and its features, e.g.:

• dates, when they are relevant to the content or condition of the computer file: e.g. ‘manual dated 1983’, ‘Interview wave I: Apr. 1989; wave II: Jan. 1990’
• names of persons or bodies connected with the technical production, administration, or consulting functions of the effort which produced the file, if these are not named in statements of responsibility in the title or edition statements of the file description: e.g. ‘Historical commentary provided by Mark Cohen’
• availability of the file in an additional medium or information not already recorded about the availability of documentation: e.g. ‘User manual is loose-leaf in eleven paginated sections’
• language of work and abstract, if not encoded in the langUsage element, e.g. ‘Text in English with summaries in French and German’
• The unique name assigned to a serial by the International Serials Data System (ISDS), if not encoded in an idno
• lists of related publications, either describing the source itself, or concerned with the creation or use of the electronic work, e.g. ‘Texts used in Burrows (1987)’

The sourceDesc element is the seventh and final component of the fileDesc element. It is a mandatory element and is used to record details of the source or sources from which a computer file is derived. This might be a printed text or manuscript, another computer file, an audio or video recording of some kind, or a combination of these. An electronic file may also have no source, if what is being catalogued is an original text created in electronic form.

• sourceDesc (source description) beschreibt den (die) Quelltext(e), von dem (denen) der elektronische Text abstammt oder erzeugt wurde.

Alternatively, it may contain elements drawn from the following three classes:

• model.biblLike groups elements containing a bibliographic description.

  bibl	(bibliographic citation) contains a loosely-structured bibliographic citation of which the sub-components may or may not be explicitly tagged.
  biblFull	(fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present.
  biblStruct	(structured bibliographic citation) contains a structured bibliographic citation, in which only bibliographic sub-elements appear and in a specified order.
  listRelation	provides information about relationships identified amongst people, places, and organizations, either informally as prose or as formally expressed relation links.
  msDesc	(manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object.
  relationGrp	(relation group) provides information about relationships identified amongst people, places, and organizations, either informally as prose or as formally expressed relation links.

• model.sourceDescPart umfasst Elemente, die innerhalb von sourceDesc verwendet werden und mehrfach auftreten können.

  recordingStmt	(Erklärung zur Aufnahme) beschreibt einen Satz von Aufnahmen, die für die Transkription eines gesprochenen Texts verwendet wurden.
  scriptStmt	(Erklärung zum Skript) enthält einen Zitatbeleg mit Angaben zum Skript, das für die Aufnahme eines gesprochenen Texts genutzt wurde

• model.listLike groups list-like elements.

  list	(list) contains any sequence of items organized as a list.
  listApp	(list of apparatus entries) contains a list of apparatus entries.
  listBibl	(citation list) contains a list of bibliographic citations of any kind.
  listEvent	(list of events) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable event.
  listNym	(list of canonical names) contains a list of nyms, that is, standardized names for any thing.
  listOrg	(list of organizations) contains a list of elements, each of which provides information about an identifiable organization.
  listPerson	(list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source.
  listPlace	(list of places) contains a list of places, optionally followed by a list of relationships (other than containment) defined amongst them.
  listWit	(witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically.
  table	contains text displayed in tabular form, in rows and columns.

When the header describes a text derived from some pre-existing TEI-conformant or other digital document, it may be simpler to use the following element, which is designed specifically for documents derived from texts which were ‘born digital’:

• biblFull (fully-structured bibliographic citation) contains a fully-structured bibliographic citation, in which all components of the TEI file description are present.

For further discussion see section 2.2.8 Computer Files Derived from Other Computer Files .

When the module for manuscript description is included in a schema, this class also makes available the following element:

• msDesc (manuscript description) contains a description of a single identifiable manuscript or other text-bearing object.

This element enables the encoder to record very detailed information about one or more manuscript or analogous sources, as further discussed in 10 Manuscript Description.

The model.sourceDescPart class also makes available additional elements when additional modules are included. For example, when the spoken module is included, the sourceDesc element may also include the following special-purpose elements, intended for cases where an electronic text is derived from a spoken text rather than a written one:

• scriptStmt (Erklärung zum Skript) enthält einen Zitatbeleg mit Angaben zum Skript, das für die Aufnahme eines gesprochenen Texts genutzt wurde
• recordingStmt (Erklärung zur Aufnahme) beschreibt einen Satz von Aufnahmen, die für die Transkription eines gesprochenen Texts verwendet wurden.

Full descriptions of these elements and their contents are given in section 8.2 Documenting the Source of Transcribed Speech.

A single electronic text may be derived from multiple source documents, in whole or in part. The sourceDesc may therefore contain a listBibl element grouping together bibl, biblStruct, or msDesc elements for each of the sources concerned. It is also possible to repeat the sourceDesc element in such a case. The decls attribute described in section 15.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text may be used to associate parts of the encoded text with the bibliographic element from which it derives in either case.

The source description may also include lists of names, persons, places, etc. when these are considered to form part of the source for an encoded document. When such information is recorded using the specialized elements discussed in the namesdates module (13 Names, Dates, People, and Places), the class model.listLike makes available the following elements to hold such information:

• listNym (list of canonical names) contains a list of nyms, that is, standardized names for any thing.
• listOrg (list of organizations) contains a list of elements, each of which provides information about an identifiable organization.
• listPerson (list of persons) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable person or a group of people, for example the participants in a language interaction, or the people referred to in a historical source.
• listPlace (list of places) contains a list of places, optionally followed by a list of relationships (other than containment) defined amongst them.

If a computer file (call it B) is derived not from a printed source but from another computer file (call it A) which includes a TEI file header, then the source text of computer file B is another computer file, A. The four sections of A's file header will need to be incorporated into the new header for B in slightly differing ways, as listed below:

fileDesc

A's file description should be copied into the sourceDesc section of B's file description, enclosed within a biblFull element

profileDesc

A's profileDesc should be copied into B's, in principle unchanged; it may however be expanded by project-specific information relating to B.

encodingDesc

A's encoding practice may or (more likely) may not be the same as B's. Since the object of the encoding description is to define the relationship between the current file and its source, in principle only changes in encoding practice between A and B need be documented in B. The relationship between A and its source(s) is then only recoverable from the original header of A. In practice it may be more convenient to create a new complete encodingDesc for B based on A's.

revisionDesc

B is a new computer file, and should therefore have a new revision description. If, however, it is felt useful to include some information from A's revisionDesc, for example dates of major updates or versions, such information must be clearly marked as relating to A rather than to B.

This concludes the discussion of the fileDesc element and its contents.

The projectDesc element may be used to describe, in prose, the purpose for which a digital resource was created, together with any other relevant information concerning the process by which it was assembled or collected. This is of particular importance for corpora or miscellaneous collections, but may be of use for any text, for example to explain why one kind of encoding practice has been followed rather than another.

• projectDesc (Beschreibung des Projekts) beschreibt detailliert Ziel bzw. Zweck, für den eine Datei kodiert wurde, zusammen mit weiteren relevanten Informationen, die das Verfahren betreffen, nach dem die Daten zusammengestellt oder gesammelt wurden

A sampling declaration which applies to more than one text or division of a text need not be repeated in the header of each such text. Instead, the decls attribute of each text (or subdivision of the text) to which the sampling declaration applies may be used to supply a cross-reference to it, as further described in section 15.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text.

The editorialDecl element is used to provide details of the editorial practices applied during the encoding of a text.

• editorialDecl (Beschreibung der Editionsprinzipien) beschreibt Einzelheiten der Editionsprinzipien und Verfahren, die bei der Kodierung des Textes angewandt wurden.

It may contain a prose description only, or one or more of a set of specialized elements, members of the TEI model.editorialDeclPart class. Where an encoder wishes to record an editorial policy not specified above, this may be done by adding a new element to this class, using the mechanisms discussed in chapter 23.3 Personalization and Customization.

Some of these policy elements carry attributes to support automated processing of certain well-defined editorial decisions; all of them contain a prose description of the editorial principles adopted with respect to the particular feature concerned. Examples of the kinds of questions which these descriptions are intended to answer are given in the list below.

correction

• correction (Korrekturverfahren) gibt an, wie und unter welchen Bedingungen Korrekturen an dem Text vorgenommen wurden.

  status	gibt Auskunft über das Ausmaß von Korrekturen, die an dem Text vorgenommen wurden.
  method	Bezeichnet die Methode, die angewandt wurde um Korrekturen im Text zu kennzeichnen.

Was the text corrected during or after data capture? If so, were corrections made silently or are they marked using the tags described in section 3.4 Simple Editorial Changes? What principles have been adopted with respect to omissions, truncations, dubious corrections, alternate readings, false starts, repetitions, etc.?

normalization

• normalization gibt an, in welchem Ausmaß das Original bei der Umwandlung in elektronische Form normalisiert und vereinheitlicht wurde.

  source	nennt die für die Normalisierung verantwortliche Instanz
  method	bezeichnet die Methode, die angewandt wurde um Normalisierungen im Text kenntlich zu machen.

Was the text normalized, for example by regularizing any non-standard spellings, dialect forms, etc.? If so, were normalizations performed silently or are they marked using the tags described in section 3.4 Simple Editorial Changes? What authority was used for the regularization? Also, what principles were used when normalizing numbers to provide the standard values for the value attribute described in section 3.5.3 Numbers and Measures and what format used for them?

quotation

• quotation beschreibt die editorische Praxis bezüglich der Anführungszeichen im Originaltext.

  marks	(quotation marks) gibt an, ob Anführungszeichen als Bestandteil des Textes beibehalten wurden.
  form	beschreibt, wie Anführungszeichen im Text angezeigt werden

How were quotation marks processed? Are apostrophes and quotation marks distinguished? How? Are quotation marks retained as content in the text or replaced by markup? Are there any special conventions regarding for example the use of single or double quotation marks when nested? Is the file consistent in its practice or has this not been checked?

hyphenation

• hyphenation fasst zusammen, wie die Silbentrennung des Quelltextes in der kodierten Fassung behandelt wurde.

  eol	(end-of-line) gibt an, ob die Silbentrennung am Zeilenende im Text beibehalten wurde.

Does the encoding distinguish ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ hyphens? What principle has been adopted with respect to end-of-line hyphenation where source lineation has not been retained? Have soft hyphens been silently removed, and if so what is the effect on lineation and pagination?

segmentation

• segmentation gibt an, nach welchen Prinzipien ein Text segmentiert wurde, zum Beispiel in Sätze, Tonsequenzen, graphemische Einheiten, usw.

How is the text segmented? If s or seg segmentation units have been used to divide up the text for analysis, how are they marked and how was the segmentation arrived at?

stdVals

• stdVals (Standardwerte) beschreibt das Format, das für Standard-Datumsangaben oder Zahlenwerte genutzt wird.

In most cases, attributes bearing standardized values (such as the when or when-iso attribute on dates) should conform to a defined W3C or ISO datatype. In cases where this is not appropriate, this element may be used to describe the standardization methods underlying the values supplied.

interpretation

• interpretation beschreibt den Umfang von Analyse oder Interpretation, die zusätzlich zur Transkription dem Text hinzugefügt wurde.

Has any analytic or ‘interpretive’ information been provided—that is, information which is felt to be non-obvious, or potentially contentious? If so, how was it generated? How was it encoded? If feature-structure analysis has been used, are fsdDecl elements (section 18.11 Feature System Declaration) present?

An editorial practices declaration which applies to more than one text or division of a text need not be repeated in the header of each such text. Instead, the decls attribute of each text (or subdivision of the text) to which it applies may be used to supply a cross-reference to it, as further described in section 15.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text.

The tagsDecl element is used to record the following information about the tagging used within a particular text:

• the namespace to which elements appearing within the transcribed text belong.
• how often particular elements appear within the text, so that a recipient can validate the integrity of a text during interchange.
• any comment relating to the usage of particular elements not specified elsewhere in the header.
• a default rendition applicable to all instances of an element.

This information is conveyed by the following elements:

• rendition gibt an, wie ein oder mehrere Elemente wiedergegeben werden sollen.

  scheme

  identifies the language used to describe the rendition.

• namespace liefert die formale Bezeichnung des Namensraums an, zu dem die Elemente als Kind-Elemente gehören.
• tagUsage beschreibt den Gebrauch eines speziellen Elements in einem Text.

The tagsDecl element consists of an optional sequence of rendition elements, each of which must bear a unique identifier, followed by an optional sequence of one or more namespace elements, each of which contains a series of tagUsage elements, one for each distinct element from that namespace occurring within the outermost text element of a TEI document. Note that these tagUsage elements must be nested within a namespace element, and cannot appear directly within the tagsDecl element.

• » 2.3.4.2 Tag usage
• Anfang | Inhalt

2.3.4.1 Rendition Rendition¶

The rendition element allows the encoder to specify how one or more elements are rendered in the original source in any of the following ways:

• using an informal prose description
• using a standard stylesheet language such as CSS or XSL-FO
• using a project-defined formal language

One or more such specifications may be associated with elements of a document in two ways:

• the render attribute of the appropriate tagUsage element may be used to indicate a default rendition for all occurrences of the named element
• the global rendition attribute may be used on any element to indicate its rendition, overriding or complementing any supplied default value

The global rend and style attributes may also be used to describe the rendering of an element. See further 1.3.1.1.3 Rendition Indicators

For example, the following schematic shows how an encoder might specify that all p elements are by default to be rendered using one set of specifications identified as style1, while hi elements are to use a different set, identified as style2:

<tagsDecl>
 <rendition xml:id="style1">
   ... description of one default rendition here ...
 </rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="style2">
   ... description of another default rendition here ...
 </rendition>
 <namespace name="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
  <tagUsage gi="p" render="#style1"> ... </tagUsage>
  <tagUsage gi="hi" render="#style2"> ... </tagUsage>
 </namespace>
</tagsDecl>
<!-- elsewhere in the document -->
<p>This paragraph,mostly rendered in style1, contains a few words
<hi>rendered in style2</hi>
</p>
<p rendition="#style2">This paragraph is all rendered in style2</p>
<p>This is back to style1</p>

As noted above, the content of a rendition element may describe the appearance of the source material using prose, a project-defined formal language, or any standard languages such as the Cascading Stylesheet Language (Lie and Bos (eds.) (1999)) or the XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics which forms a part of the W3C's Extensible Stylesheet Language (Berglund (ed.) (2006)). A styleDefDecl element (2.3.5 The default style definition language declaration) may be supplied within the encodingDesc to specify which of these applies by default; it may be overridden for one or more specific rendition elements using the scheme attribute.

In the following extended example we consider how to capture the appearance of a typical early 20th century titlepage, such as that in the following figure:

bibliography

Elements for the encoding of the information on a titlepage are presented in 4.6 Title Pages; here we consider how we might go about encoding some of the visual information as well, using the rendition element and its corresponding attributes.

First we define a rendition element for each aspect of the source page rendition that we wish to retain. Details of CSS are given in Lie and Bos (eds.) (1999); we use it here simply to provide a vocabulary with which to describe such aspects as font size and style, letter and line spacing, colour, etc. Note that the purpose of this encoding is to describe the original, rather than specify how it should be reproduced, although the two are obviously closely linked.

<styleDefDecl scheme="css"/>
<!-- ... -->
<tagsDecl>
 <rendition xml:id="center">text-align: center;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="small">font-size: small;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="large">font-size: large;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="x-large">font-size: x-large;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="xx-large">font-size: xx-large</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="expanded">letter-spacing: +3pt;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="x-space">line-height: 150%;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="xx-space">line-height: 200%;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="red">color: red;</rendition>
</tagsDecl>

The global rendition attribute can now be used to specify on any element which of the above rendition features apply to it. For example, a title page might be encoded as follows:

<titlePage>
 <docTitle rendition="#center #x-space">
  <titlePart>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#x-large">THE POEMS</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#small">OF</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#red #xx-large">ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#large #xx-space">IN SIX VOLUMES</hi>
  </titlePart>
  <titlePart rendition="#xx-space">
   <lb/> VOLUME I.
  <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#red #x-large">POEMS AND BALLADS</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#x-space">FIRST SERIES</hi>
  </titlePart>
 </docTitle>
 <docImprint rendition="#center">
  <lb/>
  <pubPlace rendition="#xx-space">LONDON</pubPlace>
  <lb/>
  <publisher rendition="#red #expanded">CHATTO &amp; WINDUS</publisher>
  <lb/>
  <docDate when="1904" rendition="#small">1904</docDate>
 </docImprint>
</titlePage>

bibliography 

When CSS is used as the style definition language, the scope attribute may be used to specify CSS pseudo-elements. These pseudo-elements are used to specify styling applicable to only a portion of the given text. For example, the first-letter pseudo-element defines styling to be applied to the first letter in the targeted element, while the before and after pseudo-elements can be used often in conjunction with the "content" property to add additional characters which need to be added before or after the element content to make it more closely resemble the appearance of the source.

For example, assuming that a text has been encoded using the q element to enclose passages in quotation marks, but the quotation marks themselves have been routinely omitted from the encoding, a set of renditions such as the following:

<rendition xml:id="quoteBefore" scheme="css" scope="before">content:
'“';</rendition>
<rendition xml:id="quoteAfter" scheme="css" scope="after">content:
'”';</rendition>

might be used to predefine pseudo-elements quoteBefore and quoteAfter. Where a q element is actually rendered in the source with initial and final quotation marks, it may then be encoded as follows:

<q rendition="#quoteBefore #quoteAfter">Four score and seven years
ago...</q>

The refsDecl element is used to document the way in which any standard referencing scheme built into the encoding works.

• refsDecl (Beschreibung der Referenzstruktur) beschreibt, wie Standard-Referenzen für den Text erstellt werden.

It may contain either a series of prose paragraphs or the following specialized elements:

• cRefPattern (legt fest, wie eine Standardreferenz in eine URI umgewandelt werden kann.) legt einen Ausdruck und ein Ersetzungsmuster für die Umwandlung einer Standardreferenz in eine URI fest.
• refState/ (reference state) specifies one component of a canonical reference defined by the milestone method.
• att.patternReplacement provides attributes for regular-expression matching and replacement.

  matchPattern	specifies a regular expression against which the values of other attributes can be matched.
  replacementPattern	beschreibt ein ‘replacement pattern (Ersetzungsmuster)’, das eine URI erstellt, sobald der Austausch der untergeordneten Ersetzungsmuster durchgeführt wurde.

Note that not all possible referencing schemes are equally easily supported by current software systems. A choice must be made between the convenience of the encoder and the likely efficiency of the particular software applications envisaged, in this context as in many others. For a more detailed discussion of referencing systems supported by these Guidelines, see section 3.10 Reference Systems below.

A referencing scheme may be described in one of three ways using this element:

• as a prose description
• as a series of pairs of regular expressions and XPaths
• as a concatenation of sequentially organized milestones

Each method is described in more detail below. Only one method can be used within a single refsDecl element.

More than one refsDecl element can be included in the header if more than one canonical reference scheme is to be used in the same document, but the current proposals do not check for mutual inconsistency.

The following element is provided to indicate (within the header of a document, or in an external location) that a particular coordinate notation, or a particular datum, has been employed in a text. The default notation is a string containing two real numbers separated by whitespace, of which the first indicates latitude and the second longitude according to the 1984 World Geodetic System (WGS84).

• geoDecl (geographic coordinates declaration) documents the notation and the datum used for geographic coordinates expressed as content of the geo element elsewhere within the document.

  datum

  supplies a commonly used code name for the datum employed.

The schemaSpec element contains a schema specification. When this element appears inside encodingDesc, it allows embedding of a schema inside a TEI header; alternatively, this element may be used in the body of an ODD document. The use of ODD files, and their relationship to schemas, is described in detail in 22 Documentation Elements.

It is sometimes convenient to store information relating to the processing of an encoded resource within its header. Typical uses for such information might be:

• to allow an application to discover that it has previously opened or edited a file, and what version of itself was used to do that;
• to show (through a date) which application last edited the file to allow for diagnosis of any problems that might have been caused by that application;
• to allow users to discover information about an application used to edit the file
• to allow the application to declare an interest in elements of the file which it has edited, so that other applications or human editors may be more wary of making changes to those sections of the file.

The class model.applicationLike provides an element, application, which may be used to record such information within the appInfo element.

• appInfo (application information) records information about an application which has edited the TEI file.
• application provides information about an application which has acted upon the document.

  ident	Supplies an identifier for the application, independent of its version number or display name.
  version	Supplies a version number for the application, independent of its identifier or display name.

Each application element identifies the current state of one software application with regard to the current file. This element is a member of the att.datable class, which provides a variety of attributes for associating this state with a date and time, or a temporal range. The ident and version attributes should be used to uniquely identify the application and its major version number (for example, ImageMarkupTool 1.5). It is not intended that an application should add a new application each time it touches the file.

The langUsage element is used within the profileDesc element to describe the languages, sublanguages, registers, dialects, etc. represented within a text. It contains one or more language elements, each of which provides information about a single language, notably the quantity of that language present in the text. Note that this element should not be used to supply information about any non-standard characters or glyphs used by this language; such information should be recorded in the charDecl element in the encoding description (see further 5 Representation of Non-standard Characters and Glyphs).

• langUsage ( Sprachgebrauch) beschreibt Sprachen, Subsprachen, Register, Dialekte usw., die innerhalb eines Textes vorkommen.
• language bestimmt eine einzelne Sprache oder Subsprache in einem Text.

  usage	gibt den ungefähren Prozentsatz (nach Umfang) für die Verwendung dieser Sprache im Text an.
  ident	(identifier) gibt einen Sprachschlüssel an, aufgebaut nach RFC 3066 (oder dessen Fortsetzung), der zur Angabe der im Element festgehaltenen Sprache benutzt wird, und auf den das globale xml:lang -Attribut verweist.

A language element may be supplied for each different language used in a document. If used, its ident attribute should specify an appropriate language identifier, as further discussed in section vi.1. Language identification. This is particularly important if extended language identifiers have been used as the value of xml:lang attributes elsewhere in the document.

The textClass element is used to classify a text in some way.

• textClass (Textklassifikation) umfasst Informationen über Art oder Thematik eines Texts unter Bezug auf ein Standard-Klassifikationsschema, einen Thesaurus, usw.

Text classification may be carried out according to one or more of the following methods:

• by reference to a recognized international classification such as the Dewey Decimal Classification, the Universal Decimal Classification, the Colon Classification, the Library of Congress Classification, or any other system widely used in library and documentation work
• by providing a set of keywords, as provided for example by British Library or Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
• by referencing any other taxonomy of text categories recognized in the field concerned, or peculiar to the material in hand; this may include one based on recurring sets of values for the situational parameters defined in section 15.2.1 The Text Description, or the demographic elements described in section 15.2.2 The Participant Description

The last of these may be particularly important for dealing with existing corpora or collections, both as a means of avoiding the expense or inconvenience of reclassification and as a means of documenting the organizing principles of such materials.

The following elements are provided for this purpose:

• keywords enthält Zusammenstellung von Schlüsselwörtern oder –phrasen zu Art und Thematik des Textes.

  scheme

  gibt das festgesetzte Vokabular an, mit dem die zusammengestellten Schlüsselwörter definiert sind.

• classCode (Klassifizierungsschlüssel) enthält den Klassifizierungsschlüssel entsprechend einem Standard-Klassifizierungssystems.

  scheme

  Gibt an welches Klassifizierungssystem oder welche Taxonomie benutzt wird.

• catRef/ (Verweis auf eine Kategorie) gibt eine oder mehrere Kategorien an, die innerhalb einer Taxonomie oder Texttypologie definiert sind.

The keywords element simply categorizes an individual text by supplying a list of keywords which may describe its topic or subject matter, its form, date, etc. In some schemes, the order of items in the list is significant, for example, from major topic to minor; in others, the list has an organized substructure of its own. No recommendations are made here as to which method is to be preferred. Wherever possible, such keywords should be taken from a recognized source, such as the British Library/Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data in the case of printed books, or a published thesaurus appropriate to the field.

If no authority file exists, perhaps because the keywords used were assigned directly by an author, the scheme attribute should be omitted.

Alternatively, if the keyword vocabulary itself is locally defined, the scheme attribute will point to the local definition, which will typically be held in a taxonomy element within the classDecl part of the encoding description (see section 2.3.7 The Classification Declaration).

The catRef element categorizes an individual text by pointing to one or more category elements using the target attribute, which it inherits from the att.pointing class. The category element (which is fully described in section 2.3.7 The Classification Declaration) holds information about a particular classification or category within a given taxonomy. Each such category must have a unique identifier, which may be supplied as the value of the target attribute for catRef elements which are regarded as falling within the category indicated.

In general, it is a matter of style whether to use a single catRef with mulitple identifers in the value of target or multiple catRef elements, each with a single identifier in the value of target. However, note that maintenance of a TEI document with a large number of values within a single target can be cumbersome.

The distinction between the catRef and classCode elements is that the values used as identifying codes are exhaustively enumerated for the former, typically within the TEI header. In the latter case, however, the values use any externally-defined scheme, and therefore may be taken from a more open-ended descriptive classification system.

The calendarDesc element is used within the profileDesc element to document objects referenced by means of either the calendar attribute on date or the dateScheme attribute on any member of the att.datable class.

• calendarDesc (calendar description) contains a description of the calendar system used in any dating expression found in the text.

This element may contain one or more calendar elements:

• calendar describes a calendar or dating system used in a dating formula in the text.