P5: 전자 텍스트 부호화 및 교환에 대한 지침

Information about people, places, and organizations, of whatever type, essentially comprises a series of statements or assertions relating to:

• characteristics or traits which do not, by and large, change over time
• characteristics or states which hold true only at a specific time
• events or incidents which may lead to a change of state or, less frequently, trait.

‘Characteristics’ or ‘traits’ are typically independent of an individual's volition or action and can be either physical, such as sex or hair and eye colour, or cultural, such as ethnicity, caste, or faith. The distinction is not entirely straightforward, however: while sex is fairly obviously a physical trait, gender should rather be regarded as culturally determined, and the division of mankind into different ‘races’, proposed by early (white European) anthropologists on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin colour, hair type and skull measurements, is by many modern cultural anthropologists now considered to be more a social or mental construct than an objective biological fact. Furthermore, while some characteristics will obviously change over time, hair colour for example, none, in principle—not even sex—is immutable.

‘States’ include, for example, marital status, place of residence and position or occupation. Such states have a definite duration, that is, they have a beginning and an end and are typically a consequence of the individual's own action or that of others.

By ‘changes in state’ are meant the events in a person's life such as birth, marriage, or appointment to office; such events will normally be associated with a specific date or a fairly narrow date-range. Changes in states can also cause or be caused by changes in characteristics. Any statement or assertion on any of these aspects of a person's life will be based on some source, possibly multiple sources, possibly contradictory. Taking all this into account it follows that each such statement or assertion needs to be able to be documented, put into a time frame and be relatable to other statements or assertions of the same or any of the other types.

The elements defined by the module described in this chapter may, for the most part, all be regarded as specializations of one or other of the above three classes. Generic elements for state, trait, and event are also defined:

• state 개인, 장소, 또는 조직에 관련한 현재 지위 또는 특성 기술을 포함한다.
• trait 사람 또는 장소에 관한, 문화적으로 결정된 특성 기술을 포함한다.
• event (event) 개인, 장소, 또는 조직과 관련된 중요한 사건에 해당하는 데이터를 포함한다.

  where

  place 요소를 지시함으로써 사건의 위치를 나타낸다.

• listEvent (list of events) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable event.

Information about a person, as distinct from references to a person, for example by name, is grouped together within a person element. Information about a group of people regarded as a single entity (for example ‘the audience’ of a performance) may be encoded using the personGrp element. Note however that information about a group of people with a distinct identity (for example a named theatrical troupe) should be recorded using the org element described in section 13.3.3 Organizational Data below.

These elements may appear only within a listPerson element, which groups such descriptions together, and optionally also describes relationships amongst the people listed.

• listPerson (개인 목록) 기술 목록을 포함하며, 그 개별 기술 각각은, 언어 상호작용 참여자 또는 역사적 원전에서 언급되는 사람과 같이, 식별 가능한 사람 또는 사람군에 관한 정보를 제공한다.
• listRelation 비공식적으로 산문체 또는 공식적으로 표현된 관계 연결을 통하여 사람, 장소, 그리고 조직 사이에 식별되는 관련성에 관한 정보를 제공한다.

One or more listPerson elements may be supplied within the particDesc (participant description) element in the profileDesc element of a TEI Header (see 2.4 The Profile Description). Like other forms of list, however, the listPerson can also appear within the body of a text when the module defined by this chapter is included in a schema.

The person element carries several attributes. First, as a member of att.editLike, which is a subclass of the att.responsibility class, it carries the usual attributes for providing details about the information recorded for that person itself, such as its reliability or source:

• att.responsibility provides attributes indicating who is responsible for something asserted by the markup and the degree of certainty associated with it.

  cert	(확실성) 간섭 또는 해석과 연관된 확실성의 정도를 나타낸다.
  resp	(책임 당사자) 편집자 또는 전사자와 같이 또는 해석에 대한 책임이 있는 대리인을 나타낸다.

• att.editLike 어떤 유형의 부호화된 학문적 간섭 또는 해석의 특성을 기술하는 속성을 제공한다.

  evidence	간섭 또는 해석의 신뢰성 또는 정확성을 지지하는 증거의 특성을 나타낸다.
  source	제시된 해석을 지원하는 원본을 나타내는 하나 이상의 포인터 목록을 포함한다.

In addition, a small number of very commonly used personal properties may be recorded using attributes specific to person and personGrp :

• person 예를 들어 언어 상호작용의 참여자 또는 역사적 문헌에서 언급된 사람과 같이 식별가능한 개인에 관한 정보를 제공한다.

  role	사람에 대한 주요 역할 또는 분류를 명시한다.
  sex	사람의 성을 명시한다.
  age	사람의 연령군을 명시한다.

• personGrp (개인군) 분석적 목적을 위해 하나의 개인으로 처리된 개인군을 기술한다.

These attributes are intended for use where only a small amount of data is to be encoded in a more or less normalized form, possibly for many person elements, for example when encoding basic facts about respondents to a questionnaire. When however a more detailed encoding is required for all kinds of information about a person, for example in a historical gazeteer, then it will be more appropriate to use the elements age, sex and others described elsewhere in this chapter.

The person element may contain many sub-elements, each specifying a different property of the person being described. The remainder of this section describes these more specific elements. For convenience, these elements are grouped into three classes, corresponding with the tripartite division outlined above: one for traits, one for states and one for events. Each class contains both specific elements for common types of biographical information, and a generic element for other, user-defined, types of information.

All the elements in these three classes belong to the attribute class att.datable, which provides the following attributes:

• att.datable.w3c W3C 데이터 유형을 사용하여 날짜가 명기된 사건을 포함하는 요소의 규격화를 위한 속성을 제공한다.

  when	표준형식으로 날짜 또는 시간의 값을 제공한다.
  notBefore	yyyy-mm-dd와 같은 표준 형식으로 사건의 가능한 한 이른 날짜를 명시한다.
  notAfter	yyyy-mm-dd와 같은 표준 형식으로 사건의 가능한 한 나중 날짜를 명시한다.
  from	표준 형식으로 기간의 시작 지점을 표시한다.
  to	표준 형식으로 기간의 종료 지점을 나타낸다.

as discussed in 13.1 Attribute Classes Defined by this Module above.

In 13.2.3 Place Names we discuss various ways of naming places such as towns, countries, etc. In much the same way as these Guidelines distinguish between the encoding of names for people and the encoding of other data about people, so they also distinguish between the encoding of names for places and the encoding of other data about places. In this section we present elements which may be used to record in a structured way data about places of any kind which might be named or referenced within a text. Such data may be useful as a way of normalizing or standardizing references to particular places, as the raw material for a gazetteer or similar reference document associated with a particular text or set of texts, or in conjunction with any form of geographical information system.

The following elements are provided for this purpose:

• listPlace (장소 목록) 장소 목록을 포함하며, 그 뒤에 수의적으로 그들 사이에 정의된 (포함 외의) 관련성 목록을 제시한다.
• place 지리적 위치에 관한 데이터를 포함한다.

The model.placeStateLike class contains elements describing characteristics of a place which have a definite duration, such as its name. Any member of the model.placeNamePart may be used for this purpose, since a place element will usually contain at least one, and possibly several, placeName-like elements indicating the names associated with it, by different people, in different languages, or at different times.

For example, the modern city of Lyon in France was in Roman times known as Lugdunum. Although the modern and the Roman city are not physically co-extensive, they have significant areas which overlap, and we may therefore wish to regard them as the same place, while supplying both names with an indication of the time period during which each was current.

A place is defined, however, by its physical location, which does not typically change over time. Locations may be specified in a number of ways: as a set of coordinates defining a point or an area on the surface of the earth, or by providing a description of how the place may be found, usually in terms of other place names. For example, we can identify the location of the Canadian city of London, either by specifying its latitute and longitude, or by specifying that we mean the city called London located in the province called Ontario within the country called Canada.

In addition we may wish to supply a brief characterization of the place identified, for example to state that it is a city, an administrative area such as a country, or a landmark of some kind such as a monument or a battlefield. If our typology of places is simple, the open ended type attribute is the easiest way to represent it: so we might say <place type="city">, <place type="battlefield"> etc.

Within the place element, the following elements may be used to provide more information about specific aspects of the place in a structured form:

• placeName 절대적 또는 상대적 위치명을 포함한다.
• location 다른 이름의 지리-정치적 개체를 통하여 지리적 좌표의 집합으로, 또는 주소로 장소의 위치를 정의한다.

The following elements for the encoding of dates and times were introduced in section 3.5.4 Dates and Times:

• date 다양한 형식의 날짜를 포함한다.
• time 어떤 형식의, 하루의 시간을 정의하는 구를 포함한다.

The current module namesdates provides a mechanism for more detailed encoding of relative dates and times. A relative temporal expression describes a date or time with reference to some other (absolute) temporal expression, and thus may contain an offset element in addition to one or more date or time elements:

• offset 표현에 포함된 두 장소명, 날짜, 또는 시간 사이의 차이 방향을 표시하는 상대적 시간 또는 공간 표현의 부분

As members of the att.datable and att.duration classes, which in turn are members of att.datable.w3c and att.duration.w3c respectively, the date and time elements share the following attributes:

• att.datable.w3c W3C 데이터 유형을 사용하여 날짜가 명기된 사건을 포함하는 요소의 규격화를 위한 속성을 제공한다.

  when	표준형식으로 날짜 또는 시간의 값을 제공한다.

• att.duration.w3c 시간적 지속을 규격화한 녹음에 대한 속성

  dur	(지속) 시간선상에서 이 요소의 길이를 나타낸다.