P5: TEI指引

TEI: The Set Element¶7.1.1 The Set Element

TEI: Prologues and Epilogues¶7.1.2 Prologues and Epilogues

TEI: Records of Performances¶7.1.3 Records of Performances

Performance texts are not only printed in books to be read, they are also performed. It is common practice therefore to include within the front matter of a printed dramatic text some brief account of particular performances, using the following element:

• performance 包含前頁或後頁部分，描述戲劇作品的一般演出方式、或曾經在某些特定場合的演出方式。

The performance element may be used to group any and all information relating to the actual performance of a play or screenplay, whether it specifies how the play should be performed in general or how it was performed in practice on some occasion.

Performance information may include complex structures such as cast lists, or paragraphs describing the date and location of a performance, details about the setting portrayed in the performance and so forth. (See the discussion of these specialized structures in section 7.1 Front and Back Matter above.) If information for more than one performance is being recorded, then more than one performance element should be used, wherever possible.

Names of persons, places, and dates of particular significance within the performance record may be explicitly marked using the general purpose name, <rs type="place"> and date elements described in section 3.5.4 Dates and Times. No particular elements for such features as stagehouses, directors, etc., are proposed at this time.

TEI: Cast Lists¶7.1.4 Cast Lists

A cast list is a specialized form of list, conventionally found at the start or end of a play, usually listing all the speaking and non-speaking roles in the play, often with additional description (‘Cataplasma, a maker of Periwigges and Attires’) or the name of an actor or actress (‘Old Lady Squeamish. Mrs Rutter’). Cast lists may be encoded with the general purpose list element described in section 3.7 Lists, but for more detailed work the following specialized elements are provided:

• castList (角色清單) 包含單一角色名單或出場人物列表。
• castGroup (角色群組) 匯集角色清單中一個或多個角色項目元素。
• castItem (角色項目) 包含角色清單中的一個項目，描述單一角色或無台詞角色的列表。

  type	說明角色項目的特性。

A castItem element may contain any mixture of elements taken from the model.castItemPart class, members of which (when this module is included) are:

• role 角色名單所列的劇中角色名稱。
• roleDesc (角色描述) 描述劇中人物所扮演的角色。
• actor 角色名單中的演員姓名。

Cast lists often have an internal structure of their own; it is quite usual to find, for example, nobility and commoners, or male and female roles, presented in different groups or sublists. Roles are also often grouped together by their function, for example:

• Sons of Cato:
  • Portius
  • Marcus

The global xml:id attribute may be used to specify a unique identifier for the role element, where it is desired to link speeches within the text explicitly to the role, using the who attribute, as further discussed in section 7.2.2 Speeches and Speakers below.

TEI: Major Structural Divisions¶7.2.1 Major Structural Divisions

In the example above, the div2 element has been used to represent the ‘French scene’ convention, (where the entrance of each new set of characters is marked as a distinct unit in the text) and the div1 element to represent the acts into which the play is divided. The elements chosen are determined only by the hierarchic position of these units in the text as a whole. If the text had no acts, but only scenes, then the scenes might be represented by div1 elements. Equally, if a play is divided only into ‘acts’, with no smaller subdivisions, then the div1 element might be used to represent acts. The type should be used, as above, to make explicit the name associated with a particular category of subdivision.

For further discussion of the use of numbered and unnumbered divisions, see section 4.1 Divisions of the Body.

TEI: Speeches and Speakers¶7.2.2 Speeches and Speakers

The following elements are used to identify speeches and speakers in a performance text:

• sp (演說) 劇本中的個人台詞，或散文、韻文中的個人演說。
• speaker 特殊的標題或標籤形式，用來表明劇本中ㄧ位或多位講者名稱。

As noted above, the structure of many performance texts may be analysed as multiply hierarchic: a scene of a verse play, for example, may be divided into speeches and, at the same time, into verse lines. The end of a line may or may not coincide with the end of a speech, and vice versa. Other structures, such as songs, may be discontinuous or split up over several speeches. For some purposes it will be appropriate to regard the verse-structure as the fundamental organizing principle of the text, and for others the speech structure; in some cases, the choice between the two may be arbitrary. The discussion in the remainder of this chapter assumes that it is the speech-based hierarchy which most prominently determines the structure of performance texts, but the same mechanisms could be employed to encode a view of a performance text in which individual speeches were entirely subordinate to the formal units of prose and verse. For more detailed discussion and examples of various treatments of this fundamental issue, refer to chapter 20 Non-hierarchical Structures.

The sp and speaker elements are both declared within the core module (see section 3.12 Passages of Verse or Drama).

TEI: Grouped speeches¶7.2.3 Grouped speeches

This module makes available the following additional element for handling groups of speeches:

• spGrp (speech group) contains a group of speeches or songs in a performance text presented in a source as constituting a single unit or ‘number’.

TEI: Stage Directions¶7.2.4 Stage Directions

Both between and within the speeches of a written performance text, it is normal practice to include a wide variety of descriptive directions to indicate non-verbal action. The following elements are provided to represent these:

• stage (舞台指示) 包含劇本中任何一種舞台場景或演出動作指示。

  type	指出舞台指示的種類。

• move/ (動作) 標記舞台上人物的實際進場或退場。

  type	說明舞台動作，例如進場或退場。
  where	說明舞台動作的方向。
  perf	(performance) 指明這項舞台動作出現在哪些演出中。

The stage element may also be used in non-theatrical texts, to mark sound effects or musical effects, etc., as further discussed in section 7.3 Other Types of Performance Text.

The move element is intended to help overcome the fact that the stage directions of a printed text may often not provide full information about either the intended or the actual movement of actors on stage. It may be used to keep track of entrances and exits in detail, so as to know which characters are on stage at which time. Its attributes permit a relatively formal specification for movements of characters, using user-defined codes to identify the characters involved (the who attribute), the direction of the movement (type attribute), and optionally which part of the stage is involved (where attribute). For stage-historical purposes, a perf attribute is also provided; this allows the recording of different move elements as taken in different performances of the same text.

TEI: Speech Contents¶7.2.5 Speech Contents

The actual speeches of a dramatic text may be composed of running text, which must be formally organized into paragraphs, in the case of prose (see section 3.1 Paragraphs), verse lines or line groups in that of verse (see section 3.12 Passages of Verse or Drama), or seg elements, in case of doubt as to whether the material should be treated as verse or prose. The following elements, all of which are defined in the core, are particularly useful when marking units of prose or verse within speeches:

• p (段落) 標記散文的段落。
• lb/ (分行) 標記某版本文本裡 (在印刷上) 的新起行。
• l (詩行) 包含詩文的一行，也許是不完整的詩行。
• lg (行組) 包含形式上視為一組的詩行，例如詩節、疊句、韻文段落等。

Like other milestone elements, the element lb additionally bears the attributes ed and edRef, from its membership in the class att.edition:

• att.edition provides attributes identifying the source edition from which some encoded feature derives.

  ed	(edition) supplies an arbitrary identifier for the source edition in which the associated feature (for example, a page, column, or line break) occurs at this point in the text.
  edRef	(edition reference) provides a pointer to the source edition in which the associated feature (for example, a page, column, or line break) occurs at this point in the text.

As a member of the classes att.typed and att.divLike, the lg element also bears the following attributes:

• att.typed 提供可依任何方法將元素分類或次要分類的一般屬性。

  type	用合適的分類標準或類型來描述該元素。
  subtype	若有需要，提供該元素的次要分類

• att.divLike 提供一組屬性，通用於所有與區段作用相 同的元素。

  org	(organization) 說明該區段內容的組合方式。
  sample	指出此區段是否為來源文件的樣本，若為樣本，則說明出自哪一部分。

• att.fragmentable groups structural elements which may be fragmented, usually as a consequence of some overlapping hierarchy.

  part	specifies whether or not its parent element is fragmented in some way, typically by some other overlapping structure: for example a speech which is divided between two or more verse stanzas, a paragraph which is split across a page division, a verse line which is divided between two speakers.

When the verse module is included in a schema, the elements l and lg also gain additional attributes through their membership of the class att.metrical:

• att.metrical 定義一組特定元素所使用、表示詩行韻律的屬性。

  met	(metrical structure, conventional) 包含使用者定義的標記，用於一般韻律結構。
  rhyme	(rhyme scheme) 標明適用於一詩行組的押韻組合。

In many texts, prose and verse may be inextricably mingled; particularly in earlier printed texts, prose may be printed as verse or verse as prose, or it may be impossible to distinguish the two. In cases of doubt, an encoder may prefer to tag the dubious material consistently as verse, to tag it all as prose, to follow the typography of the source text, or to use the neutral ab element to contain the speech itself. When this question arises, the tagUsage element in the encodingDesc element of the header may be used to record explicitly what policy has been adopted.

Even where they can reliably be distinguished, a single speech may frequently contain a mixture of prose (marked as p) and verse (marked as l or—if stanzaic—lg).

TEI: Embedded Structures¶7.2.6 Embedded Structures

Although primarily composed of speeches, performance texts often contain other structural units such as songs or strophes which are shared among different speakers. More generally, complex nested structures of plays within plays, interpolated masques, or interludes are far from uncommon. In more modern material, comparably complex structural devices such as flashback or nested playback are equally frequent. In all kinds of performance material, it may be necessary to indicate several actions which are happening simultaneously.

A number of different devices are available within the TEI scheme to support these complexities in the general case. Texts may be composite or self-nesting (see section 4.3.1 Grouped Texts) and multiple hierarchies may be defined (see chapter 20 Non-hierarchical Structures). The TEI encoding scheme provides a variety of linking mechanisms, which may be used to indicate temporal alignment and aggregation of fragmented structures. In this section we provide a few specific examples of the application of these techniques to performance texts:

• the use of the floatingText element
• the use of the part attribute on fragmentary lg elements
• the use of the next and prev attributes on fragments of embedded structures to join them into a larger whole
• the use of the join element to define a ‘virtual element’ composed of the fragments indicated

When an embedded structure extends across more than one sp element, each of its constituent parts must be regarded as a distinct fragment; the problem then facing the encoder is to reconstitute the interrupted whole in some way.

The next and prev attributes are discussed in section 16.7 Aggregation: they form part of the module for alignment and linking; this module must therefore be included in a schema if they are to be used, as further discussed in section 1.2 Defining a TEI Schema.

Like the next and prev attributes, the join element requires the additional module for linking, which is selected as shown above.

TEI: Simultaneous Action¶7.2.7 Simultaneous Action

In printed or written versions of performance texts, a variety of techniques may be used to indicate the temporal alignment of speeches or actions. Speeches may be printed vertically aligned on the page, or braced together; stage directions (e.g. ‘Speaking at the same time’) are also often used. In operatic or musical works in particular, the need to indicate timing and alignment of individual parts of a song may lead to very complex layout.

In the original, the stage direction ‘in consternation’ is printed opposite a brace grouping all four speeches, indicating that all four characters speak at once, and that the stage direction applies to all of them. Rather than attempting to represent the appearance of the source, this example encoding represents its presumed meaning: the stage element is placed arbitrarily after the last relevant speech, and the four speeches with which it is to be associated are pointed to by means of the corresp attribute. This attribute, which is enabled by the linking module, provides a simple way of indicating the temporal alignment of speeches or actions in a play. Producing a readable version of the text which simulates the original printed effect may however require more complex markup and processing.

More powerful and more precise mechanisms for temporal alignment are defined in chapter 8 Transcriptions of Speech. These would be appropriate for encodings the focus of which is on the actual performance of a text rather than its structure or formal properties. The module described in that chapter includes a large number of other detailed proposals for the encoding of such features as voice quality, prosody, etc., which might be relevant to such a treatment of performance texts.

TEI: Technical Information¶7.3.1 Technical Information

Traditional stage scripts may contain additional technical information about such production-related factors as lighting, ‘blocking’ (that is, detailed notes on actors' movements), or props required at particular points. More technical information about intended production effects may also appear in published versions of screenplays or movie scripts. Where these are presented simply as marginal notes, they may be encoded using the general-purpose note element defined in section 3.8 Notes, Annotation, and Indexing. Alternatively, they may be formally distinguished from other stage directions by using the specialized tech element:

• tech (技術性舞台指示) 描述一個具有特殊目的，但並非針對演員的舞台指示。

  type	技術性舞台指示類型
  perf	(performance) 指出該技術性舞台指示適用於哪些演出中。

Like stage directions, tech elements can appear anywhere within a speech or between speeches.