P5: TEIガイドライン

TEI: Un-numbered Divisions¶4.1.1 Un-numbered Divisions

The following element is used to identify textual subdivisions in the un-numbered style:

• div 前付，本文，後付中のテキスト部分を示す．

As a member of the class att.typed, this element has the following additional attributes:

• att.typed 要素を分類するための属性を示す．

  type	当該要素の分類を示す．
  subtype	必要であれば，当該要素の下位分類を示す．

TEI: Numbered Divisions¶4.1.2 Numbered Divisions

The following elements are used to identify textual subdivisions in the numbered style:

• div1 前付，本文，後付中の第1位のテキスト部分を示す．
• div2 前付，本文，後付中の第2位のテキスト部分を示す．
• div3 前付，本文，後付中の第3位のテキスト部分を示す．
• div4 前付，本文，後付中の第4位のテキスト部分を示す．
• div5 前付，本文，後付中の第5位のテキスト部分を示す．
• div6 前付，本文，後付中の第6位のテキスト部分を示す．
• div7 前付，本文，後付中の一番小さいレベルのテキスト部分を示す．

As members of the class att.typed these elements all bear the following additional attributes:

• att.typed 要素を分類するための属性を示す．

  type	当該要素の分類を示す．
  subtype	必要であれば，当該要素の下位分類を示す．

The largest possible subdivision of the body is div1 element and the smallest possible div7. If numbered divisions are in use, a division at any one level (say, div3), may contain only numbered divisions at the next lowest level (in this case, div4).

TEI: Numbered or Un-numbered?¶4.1.3 Numbered or Un-numbered?

Within the same front, body, or back element, all hierarchic subdivisions must be marked using either nested div elements, or div1, div2 etc. elements nested as appropriate; the two styles must not be mixed.

The choice between numbered and un-numbered divisions will depend to some extent on the complexity of the material: un-numbered divisions allow for an arbitrary depth of nesting, while numbered divisions limit the depth of the tree which can be constructed. Where divisions at different levels should be processed differently (for example to ensure that chapters, but not sections, begin on a new page), numbered divisions slightly simplify the task of defining the desired processing for each level, though this distinction could also be made by supplying this information on the type attribute of an un-numbered div. Some software may find numbered divisions easier to process, as there is no need to maintain knowledge of the whole document structure in order to know the level at which a division occurs; such software may, however, find it difficult to cope with some other aspects of the TEI scheme. On the other hand, in a collection of many works it may prove difficult or impossible to ensure that the same numbered division always corresponds with the same type of textual feature: a ‘chapter’ may be at level 1 in one work and level 3 in another.

Whichever style is used, the global n and xml:id attributes (section 1.3.1.1 Global Attributes) may be used to provide reference strings or labels for each division of a text, where appropriate. Such labels should be provided for each section which is regarded as significant for referencing purposes (on reference systems, see further section 3.10 Reference Systems).

More information about the customization techniques exemplified here is provided in 23.3 Personalization and Customization.

TEI: Partial and Composite Divisions¶4.1.4 Partial and Composite Divisions

In most situations, the textual subdivisions marked by div or div1 (etc.) elements will be both complete and identically organized with reference to the original source. For some purposes however, in particular where dealing with unusually large or unusually small texts, encoders may find it convenient to present as textual divisions sequences of text which are incomplete with reference to the original text, or which are in fact an ad hoc agglomeration of tiny texts. Moreover, in some kinds of texts it is difficult or impossible to determine the order in which individual subdivisions should be combined to form the next higher level of subdivision, as noted below.

To overcome these problems, the following additional attributes are defined for all elements in the att.divLike class:

• att.divLike 区分(div, division)に相当する全要素に共通の属性を示す．

  org	(organization) 当該区分の内容がどのように構成されているかを示す．
  sample	当該区分が，元資料のものを含むかどうか，そうであればその場所はど こかを示す．

• att.fragmentable groups structural elements which may be fragmented, usually as a consequence of some overlapping hierarchy.

  part	specifies whether or not its parent element is fragmented in some way, typically by some other overlapping structure: for example a speech which is divided between two or more verse stanzas, a paragraph which is split across a page division, a verse line which is divided between two speakers.

The org attribute on the div1 element is used here to indicate that individual stories in this group, marked here as div2, are really quite independent of each other, although they are all marked as subdivisions of the whole group. They can be read in any order without affecting the sense of the piece; indeed, in some cases, divisions of this nature are printed in such a way as to make it impossible to determine the order in which they are intended to be read. Individual stories can be added or removed without affecting the existing components.

This method of encoding composite texts as composite divisions has some limitations compared with the more general and powerful mechanisms discussed in section 4.3.1 Grouped Texts. However, it may be preferable in some circumstances, notably where the individual texts are very small.

TEI: Headings and Trailers¶4.2.1 Headings and Trailers

Unlike some other markup schemes, the TEI scheme does not require that headings attached to textual subdivisions at different hierarchic levels have different identifiers. All kinds of heading are marked identically using the head tag; the type or level of heading intended is implied by the immediate parent of the head element, which may for example be a div1, div2, etc., an un-numbered div, or any member of the model.listLike class. However, as with div elements, the encoder may choose to extend the model.headLike class of which head is the sole member to include other such elements if required.

In certain kinds of text (notably newspapers), there may be a need to categorize individual headings within the sequence at the start of a division, for example as ‘main’ headings, or ‘detail’ headings: this may readily be done using the type or subtype attribute. Specific elements are provided for certain kinds of heading-like features, (notably byline, dateline, and salute; see further section 4.2.2 Openers and Closers), but the type or subtype attributes must be used to discriminate among other forms of heading. These attributes are provided, as elsewhere, by the att.typed attribute class of which the head element is a member.

In older writings, the headings or incipits may be longer than in modern works. When heading-like material appears in the middle of a text, the encoder must decide whether or not to treat it as the start of a new division. If the phrase in question appears to be more closely connected with what follows than with what precedes it, then it may be regarded as a heading and tagged as the head of a new div element. If it appears to be simply inserted or superimposed—as for example the kind of ‘pull quotes’ often found in newspapers or magazines, then the quote, q, or cit element may be more appropriate.

TEI: Openers and Closers¶4.2.2 Openers and Closers

In addition to headings of various kinds, divisions sometimes include more or less formulaic opening or closing passages, typically conveying such information as the name and address of the person to whom the division is addressed, the place or time of its production, a salutation or exhortation to the reader, and so on. Divisions in epistolary form are particularly liable to include such features. Additional elements for the detailed encoding of personal names, dates, and places are provided in chapter 13 Names, Dates, People, and Places. For simple cases, the following elements should be adequate:

• byline タイトルページや作品の冒頭や最後にある，作品の責任者を表す第一位の記 述．
• dateline 手紙や新聞記事などの前後に付加されている，場所，日付，時間などを簡易 に示す．
• salute (著者以外の)序文や献呈書簡などのテキスト部分に附属する挨拶文言または 挨拶，または書簡や(著者による)序文の大和にある挨拶文言を示す．
• signed (著者以外の)序文や献呈書簡などのテキスト部分にある，結びの挨拶などを 示す．

For further discussion of the encoding of dates and of names of persons and places, see section 3.5.4 Dates and Times and chapter 13 Names, Dates, People, and Places.

TEI: Arguments, Epigraphs, and Postscripts¶4.2.3 Arguments, Epigraphs, and Postscripts

For discussion of quotations appearing other than as epigraphs refer to section 3.3.3 Quotation.

TEI: Content of Textual Divisions¶4.2.4 Content of Textual Divisions

Other than elements from the model.divWrapper, model.divTop, or model.divBottom classes, every textual division (numbered or un-numbered) consists of a sequence of ungrouped macro.component elements (see 1.3 The TEI Class System). The actual elements available will depend on the modules in use; in all cases, at least the component-level structural elements defined in the core will be available (paragraphs, lists, dramatic speeches, verse lines and line groups etc.). If the drama module has been selected, then other component- or phrase- level items specialized for performance texts (for example, cast lists or camera angles) will be available, as defined in chapter 7 Performance Texts) will be available. If the dictionary module is in use, then dictionary entries, related entries, etc. (as defined in chapter 9 Dictionaries) will also be available; if the module for transcribed speech is in use, then utterances, pauses, vocals, kinesics, etc., as defined in chapter 8.3 Elements Unique to Spoken Texts will be available; and so on.

Where a text contains low-level elements from more than one module these may appear at any point; there is no requirement that elements from the same module be kept together.

TEI: Grouped Texts¶4.3.1 Grouped Texts

Examples of composite texts which should be represented using the group element include anthologies and other collections. The presence of common front matter referring to the whole collection, possibly in addition to front matter relating to each individual text, is a good indication that a given text might usefully be encoded in this way; this structure may be found useful in other circumstances too.

A text which is a member of a group may itself contain groups. This is quite common in collections of verse, but may happen in any kind of text. As an example, consider the overall structure of a typical collection, such as the Muses Library edition of Crashaw's poetry. Following a critical introduction and table of contents, this work contains the following major sections:

• Steps to the Temple (a collection of verse first published in 1648)
• Carmen deo Nostro (a second collection, published in 1652)
• The Delights of the Muses (a third collection, published in 1648)
• Posthumous Poems, I (a collection of fragments all taken from a single manuscript)
• Posthumous Poems, II (a further collection of fragments, taken from a different manuscript)

Each of the three collections published in Crashaw's lifetime has a reasonable claim to be considered as a text in its own right, and may therefore be encoded as such. It is rather more arbitrary as to whether the two posthumous collections should be treated as two groups, following the practice of the Muses Library edition. An encoder might elect to combine the two into a single group or simply to treat each fragment as an ungrouped unitary text.

The group element may be used in this way to encode any kind of collection of which the constituents are regarded by the encoder as texts in their own right. Examples include anthologies or collections of verse or prose by multiple authors, florilegia, or commonplace books, journals, day books, etc. As a fairly typical example, we consider The Norton Book of Travel, an anthology edited by Paul Fussell and published in 1987 by W. W. Norton. This work comprises the following major sections:

1. Front matter (title page, acknowledgments, introductory essay)
2. The Beginnings
3. The Eighteenth Century and the Grand Tour
4. The Heyday
5. Touristic Tendencies
6. Post Tourism
7. Back matter (permissions list, index)

Each titled section listed above comprises a group of extracts or complete texts from writers of a given historical period, preceded by an introductory essay. For example, the second group listed above contains, inter alia, the following:

1. Prefatory essay
2. Five letters by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
3. An extract from Swift's Gulliver's Travels
4. Two poems by Alexander Pope
5. Two extracts from Boswell's Journal
6. A poem by William Blake

Each group of writings by a single author is preceded by a brief biographical notice. Some of the extracts are quite lengthy, containing several chapters or other divisions; others are quite short. As the above list indicates, the texts included range across all kinds of material: verse, prose, journals and letters.

The essays on ‘The Eighteenth Century and the Grand Tour’ and other larger sections could also be tagged as ‘front’ matter in the same way, by treating the larger sections as text elements rather than group elements.

Where, as in this case, an anthology contains different kinds of text (for example, mixtures of prose and drama, or transcribed speech and dictionary entries, or letters and verse), the elements to be encoded will of course be drawn from more than one module. The elements provided by the core module described in chapter 3 Elements Available in All TEI Documents should however prove adequate for most simple purposes, where prose, drama, and verse are combined in a single collection.