TEI: Linee guida per la codifica e l'interscambio del testo elettronico

The example below presents the TEI encoding of the name-value pair <part of speech, common noun>, where the name (key) ‘part of speech’ is abbreviated as ‘POS’, and the value, ‘common noun’ is symbolized by ‘NN’. The entire name-value pair is encoded by means of the element f. In TEI XML, that element acts as the container, labeled with the name attribute. Its contents may be complex or simple. In the case at hand, the content is the symbol ‘NN’.

The datcat attribute relates the feature name (i.e., the key) to the data category ‘part of speech’, while the attribute valueDatcat relates the feature value to the data category common noun. Both these data categories should be defined in an external and preferably open reference taxonomy or ontology.

‘NN’ is the symbol for common noun used e.g. in the CLAWS-7 tagset defined by the University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language at the University of Lancaster. The very same data category used for tagging an early version of the British National Corpus, and coming from the BNC Basic (C5) tagset, uses the symbol ‘NN0’ (rather than ‘NN’). Making these values semantically interoperable would be extremely difficult without a human expert if they were not anchored in a single point of an established reference taxonomy of morphosyntactic data categories. In the case at hand, the string ‘http://hdl.handle.net/11459/CCR_C-1256_7ec6083c-23d4-224d-6f94-eecbe6861545’ is both a persistent identifier of the data category in question, as well as a pointer to a shared definition of common noun.

While the symbols ‘NN’, ‘NN0’, and many others (often coming from languages other than English) are implicitly members of the container category ‘part of speech’, it is sometimes useful not to rely on such an implicit relationship but rather use an explicit identifier for that data category, to distinguish it from other morphosyntactic data categories, such as gender, tense, etc. For that purpose, the above example uses the datcat attribute to reference a definition of part of speech. The reference taxonomy in this example is the CLARIN Concept Registry.

The assumption here is that the relevant feature values are collected in a place that the annotation document in question has access to — preferably, a single document per linguistic resource, for example an fsdDecl that is XIncluded as a sibling of text or a child of encodingDesc; a taxonomy available resource-wide (e.g., in a shared header) is also an option.

Note that these Guidelines do not prescribe a specific choice between datcat and valueDatcat in such cases. The former is the generic way of referencing a data category, whereas the latter is more specific, in that it references a data category that represents a value. The choice between them comes into play where a single element — or a tight element complex, such as the f/symbol complex illustrated above — make it necessary or useful to distinguish between the container data category and its value.

In the context of dictionaries designed with semantic interoperability in mind, the following example ensures that the pos element is interpreted as the same information container as in the case of the example of <f name="POS"> above.

This mechanism creates implications that are not always wanted, among others, in the case at hand, suggesting that the identifiers ‘pos’ and ‘adj’ belong to a namespace associated with the CLARIN Concept Repository (CCR), whereas that is solely a shorthand mechanism whose scope is the current resource. Documenting this clearly in the header of the dictionary is therefore advised.

Yet another possibility is to associate the information about the relationship between a TEI markup element and the data category that it is intended to model already at the level of modeling the dictionary resource, that is, at the level of the ODD, in the equiv element that is a child of elementSpec or attDef.

The taxonomy element is a handy tool for encoding taxonomies that are later referenced by att.datcat attributes, but it can also act as an intermediary device, for example holding a fragment of an external taxonomy (or ‘flattening’ an external ontology) that is relevant to the project or document at hand. (It is also imaginable that, for the purpose of the project at hand, the local taxonomy element combines vocabularies that originate from more than one external taxonomy or ontology.) In such cases, the taxonomy creates a local layer of indirection: the att.datcat attributes internal to the resource may reference the category elements stored in the header (as well as the taxonomy element itself), whereas these same category and taxonomy elements use att.datcat attributes to reference the original taxonomy or ontology.

The above fragment was excerpted from the GB subset of the ParlaMint project in April 2023, and enriched with att.datcat attributes for the purpose of illustrating the mechanism described here.

Note that, in the ideal case, the values of att.datcat attributes should be persistent identifiers, and that the addressing scheme of Universal Dependencies is treated here as persistent for the sake of illustration. Note also that the contrast between datcat used on taxonomy on the one hand, and the valueDatcat used on category on the other, is not mandatory: both kinds of relations could be encoded by means of the generic datcat attribute, but using the former for the container and the latter for the content is more user-friendly.

The targetDatcat attribute is designed to be used in, e.g., feature structure declarations, and is analogous to the targetLang attribute of the att.pointing class, in that it describes the object that is being referenced, rather than the referencing object.

Above, the fDecl uses targetDatcat, because if it were to use datcat, it would be asserting that it is an instance of the container data category part of speech, whereas it is not — it models a container (f) that encodes a part of speech. Note also that it is the f that is modeled above, not its values, which are used as direct references to data categories; hence the use of datcat in the symbol element.

The att.datcat attributes can be used for any sort of taxonomies. The example below illustrates their usefulness for describing usage domain labels in dictionaries on the example of the Diccionario da Lingua Portugueza by António de Morais Silva, retro-digitised in the MORDigital project.

In the Morais dictionary, the relevant domain labels are in the header, getting referenced inside the dictionary, from usg elements. The vocabulary used for dictionary-internal labelling is in turn anchored in the MorDigital controlled vocabulary service of the NOVA University of Lisbon – School of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH).