P5: Recommandations pour l'encodage et l'échange de textes électroniques

The teiHeader element should be clearly distinguished from the front matter of the text itself (for which see section 4.5 Front Matter). A composite text, such as a corpus or collection, may contain several headers, as further discussed below. In the general case, however, a TEI-conformant text will contain a single teiHeader element, followed by a single text or facsimile element, or both.

The header element has the following description:

• teiHeader (en-tête TEI) donne des informations descriptives et déclaratives qui constituent une page de titre électronique au début de tout texte conforme à la TEI.

  type	spécifie le type de document auquel l'en-tête TEI se rapporte.

As discussed above, the teiHeader element has four principal components:

• fileDesc (description bibliographique du fichier.) contient une description bibliographique complète du fichier électronique.
• encodingDesc (description de l'encodage) documente la relation d'un texte électronique avec sa ou ses sources.
• profileDesc (description du profil) fournit une description détaillée des aspects non-bibliographiques du texte, notamment les langues utilisées et leurs variantes, les circonstances de sa production, les collaborateurs et leur statut.
• revisionDesc (descriptif des révisions) fournit un résumé de l’historique des révisions d’un fichier.

The elements occurring within the TEI header may contain several types of content; the following list indicates how these types of content are described in the following sections:

free prose

Most elements contain simple running prose at some level. Many elements may contain either prose (possibly organized into paragraphs) or more specific elements, which themselves contain prose. In this chapter's descriptions of element content, the phrase prose description should be understood to imply a series of paragraphs, each marked as a p element. The word phrase, by contrast, should be understood to imply character data, interspersed as need be with phrase-level elements, but not organized into paragraphs. For more information on paragraphs, highlighted phrases, lists, etc., see section 3.1 Paragraphs.

grouping elements

Elements whose names end with the suffix Stmt (e.g. editionStmt, titleStmt) usually enclose a group of specialized elements recording some structured information. In the case of the bibliographic elements, the suffix Stmt is used in names of elements corresponding to the ‘areas’ of the International Standard Bibliographic Description.⁴ In most cases grouping elements may contain prose descriptions as an alternative to the set of specialized elements, thus allowing the encoder to choose whether or not the information concerned should be presented in a structured form or in prose.

declarations

Elements whose names end with the suffix Decl (e.g. tagsDecl, refsDecl) enclose information about specific encoding practices applied in the electronic text; often these practices are described in coded form. Typically, such information takes the form of a series of declarations, identifying a code with some more complex structure or description. A declaration which applies to more than one text or division of a text need not be repeated in the header of each such text or subdivision. Instead, the decls attribute of each text (or subdivision of the text) to which the declaration applies may be used to supply a cross-reference to it, as further described in section 15.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text.

descriptions

Elements whose names end with the suffix Desc (e.g. settingDesc, projectDesc) contain a prose description, possibly, but not necessarily, organized under some specific headings by suggested sub-elements.

The titleStmt element is the first component of the fileDesc element, and is mandatory:

• titleStmt (mention de titre) regroupe les informations sur le titre d’une œuvre et les personnes ou institutions responsables de son contenu intellectuel.

It contains the title given to the electronic work, together with one or more optional statements of responsibility which identify the encoder, editor, author, compiler, or other parties responsible for it:

• title (titre) contient le titre complet d'une oeuvre quelconque
• author (auteur) dans une référence bibliographique contient le nom de la (des) personne(s) physique(s) ou du collectif, auteur(s) d'une oeuvre ; la première mention de responsabilité comme seul élément bibliographique.
• editor mention de responsabilité secondaire pour un item bibliographique, par exemple le nom d'une personne, d'une institution ou d'un organisme (ou de plusieurs d'entre eux) comme éditeur scientifique, compilateur, traducteur, etc.
• sponsor (commanditaire ) indique le nom d’une institution ou d’un organisme partenaires.
• funder (financeur) désigne le nom d’une personne ou d’un organisme responsable du financement d’un projet ou d’un texte.
• principal (chercheur principal) donne le nom du chercheur qui est principalement responsable de la création d’un texte électronique.
• respStmt (mention de responsabilité) donne une mention de responsabilité quant au contenu intellectuel d'un texte, d'une édition, d'un enregistrement ou d'une publication en série, lorsque les éléments spécifiques relatifs aux auteurs, éditeurs, etc. ne suffisent pas ou ne s'appliquent pas.
• resp (responsabilité) contient une expression décrivant la nature de la responsabilité intellectuelle d'une personne.
• name (nom, nom propre) contient un nom propre ou un syntagme nominal

The title element contains the chief name of the electronic work, including any alternative title or subtitles it may have. It may be repeated, if the work has more than one title (perhaps in different languages) and takes whatever form is considered appropriate by its creator. Where the electronic work is derived from an existing source text, it is strongly recommended that the title for the former should be derived from the latter, but clearly distinguishable from it, for example by the addition of a phrase such as ‘: an electronic transcription’ or ‘a digital edition’. This will distinguish the electronic work from the source text in citations and in catalogues which contain descriptions of both types of material.

The electronic work will also have an external name (its ‘filename’ or ‘data set name’) or reference number on the computer system where it resides at any time. This name is likely to change frequently, as new copies of the file are made on the computer system. Its form is entirely dependent on the particular computer system in use and thus cannot always easily be transferred from one system to another. Moreover, a given work may be composed of many files. For these reasons, these Guidelines strongly recommend that such names should not be used as the title for any electronic work.

Helpful guidance on the formulation of useful descriptive titles in difficult cases may be found in the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (Gorman and Winkler, 1978, chapter 25) or in equivalent national-level bibliographical documentation.

The elements author, editor, sponsor, funder, and principal, are specializations of the more general respStmt element. These elements are used to provide the statements of responsibility which identify the person(s) responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of an item and any corporate bodies from which it emanates.

Any number of such statements may occur within the title statement. At a minimum, identify the author of the text and (where appropriate) the creator of the file. If the bibliographic description is for a corpus, identify the creator of the corpus. Optionally include also names of others involved in the transcription or elaboration of the text, sponsors, and funding agencies. The name of the person responsible for physical data input need not normally be recorded, unless that person is also intellectually responsible for some aspect of the creation of the file.

Where the person whose responsibility is to be documented is not an author, sponsor, funding body, or principal researcher, the respStmt element should be used. This has two subcomponents: a name element identifying a responsible individual or organization, and a resp element indicating the nature of the responsibility. No specific recommendations are made at this time as to appropriate content for the resp: it should make clear the nature of the responsibility concerned, as in the examples below.

Names given may be personal names or corporate names. Give all names in the form in which the persons or bodies wish to be publicly cited. This would usually be the fullest form of the name, including first names.⁵

The editionStmt element is the second component of the fileDesc element. It is optional but recommended.

• editionStmt (mention d'édition) regroupe les informations relatives à l’édition d’un texte.

It contains either phrases or more specialized elements identifying the edition and those responsible for it:

• edition (édition) décrit les particularités de l’édition d’un texte.
• respStmt (mention de responsabilité) donne une mention de responsabilité quant au contenu intellectuel d'un texte, d'une édition, d'un enregistrement ou d'une publication en série, lorsque les éléments spécifiques relatifs aux auteurs, éditeurs, etc. ne suffisent pas ou ne s'appliquent pas.
• name (nom, nom propre) contient un nom propre ou un syntagme nominal
• resp (responsabilité) contient une expression décrivant la nature de la responsabilité intellectuelle d'une personne.

For printed texts, the word edition applies to the set of all the identical copies of an item produced from one master copy and issued by a particular publishing agency or a group of such agencies. A change in the identity of the distributing body or bodies does not normally constitute a change of edition, while a change in the master copy does.

For electronic texts, the notion of a ‘master copy’ is not entirely appropriate, since they are far more easily copied and modified than printed ones; nonetheless the term edition may be used for a particular state of a machine-readable text at which substantive changes are made and fixed. Synonymous terms used in these Guidelines are version, level, and release. The words revision and update, by contrast, are used for minor changes to a file which do not amount to a new edition.

No simple rule can specify how ‘substantive’ changes have to be before they are regarded as producing a new edition, rather than a simple update. The general principle proposed here is that the production of a new edition entails a significant change in the intellectual content of the file, rather than its encoding or appearance. The addition of analytic coding to a text would thus constitute a new edition, while automatic conversion from one coded representation to another would not. Changes relating to the character code or physical storage details, corrections of misspellings, simple changes in the arrangement of the contents and changes in the output format do not normally constitute a new edition, whereas the addition of new information (e.g. a linguistic analysis expressed in part-of-speech tagging, sound or graphics, referential links to external data sets) almost always does.

Clearly, there will always be borderline cases and the matter is somewhat arbitrary. The simplest rule is: if you think that your file is a new edition, then call it such. An edition statement is optional for the first release of a computer file; it is mandatory for each later release, though this requirement cannot be enforced by the parser.

Note that all changes in a file considered significant, whether or not they are regarded as constituting a new edition or simply a new revision, should be independently noted in the revision description section of the file header (see section 2.5 The Revision Description).

The edition element should contain phrases describing the edition or version, including the word edition, version, or equivalent, together with a number or date, or terms indicating difference from other editions such as new edition, revised edition etc. Any dates that occur within the edition statement should be marked with the date element. The n attribute of the edition element may be used as elsewhere to supply any formal identification (such as a version number) for the edition.

One or more respStmt elements may also be used to supply statements of responsibility for the edition in question. These may refer to individuals or corporate bodies and can indicate functions such as that of a reviser, or can name the person or body responsible for the provision of supplementary matter, of appendices, etc., in a new edition. For further detail on the respStmt element, see section 3.11 Bibliographic Citations and References.

The extent element is the third component of the fileDesc element. It is optional.

• extent (étendue) décrit la taille approximative d’un texte stocké sur son support, numérique ou non-numérique, exprimé dans une unité quelconque appropriée.

For printed books, information about the carrier, such as the kind of medium used and its size, are of great importance in cataloguing procedures. The print-oriented rules for bibliographic description of an item's medium and extent need some re-interpretation when applied to electronic media. An electronic file exists as a distinct entity quite independently of its carrier and remains the same intellectual object whether it is stored on a magnetic tape, a CD-ROM, a set of floppy disks, or as a file on a mainframe computer. Since, moreover, these Guidelines are specifically aimed at facilitating transparent document storage and interchange, any purely machine-dependent information should be irrelevant as far as the file header is concerned.

This is particularly true of information about file-type although library-oriented rules for cataloguing often distinguish two types of computer file: ‘data’ and ‘programs’. This distinction is quite difficult to draw in some cases, for example, hypermedia or texts with built in search and retrieval software.

Although it is equally system-dependent, some measure of the size of the computer file may be of use for cataloguing and other practical purposes. Because the measurement and expression of file size is fraught with difficulties, only very general recommendations are possible; the element extent is provided for this purpose. It contains a phrase indicating the size or approximate size of the computer file in one of the following ways:

• in bytes of a specified length (e.g. ‘4000 16-bit bytes’)
• as falling within a range of categories, for example:
  • less than 1 Mb
  • between 1 Mb and 5 Mb
  • between 6 Mb and 10 Mb
  • over 10 Mb
• in terms of any convenient logical units (for example, words or sentences, citations, paragraphs)
• in terms of any convenient physical units (for example, blocks, disks, tapes)

The use of standard abbreviations for units of quantity is recommended where applicable, here as elsewhere (see http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html).

The publicationStmt element is the fourth component of the fileDesc element and is mandatory.

• publicationStmt (mention de publication) regroupe des informations concernant la publication ou la diffusion d’un texte électronique ou d’un autre type de texte.

It may contain either a simple prose description organized as one or more paragraphs, or one or more elements from the model.publicationStmtPart class. This class groups a number of elements which are discussed in order below.

• publisher (éditeur) donne le nom de l'organisme responsable de la publication ou de la distribution d'un élément bibliographique.
• distributor (Diffuseur) donne le nom d’une personne ou d’un organisme responsable de la diffusion d’un texte.
• authority (responsable de la publication.) donne le nom de la personne ou de l'organisme responsable de la publication d’un fichier électronique, autre qu’un éditeur ou un distributeur.

The publisher is the person or institution by whose authority a given edition of the file is made public. The distributor is the person or institution from whom copies of the text may be obtained. Where a text is not considered formally published, but is nevertheless made available for circulation by some individual or organization, this person or institution is termed the release authority.

At least one of the above three elements must be present, unless the entire publication statement is given as prose. Each may be followed by one or more of the following elements, in the following order:⁶

• pubPlace (lieu de publication) contient le nom du lieu de publication dans une référence bibliographique.
• address contient une adresse postale ou d'un autre type, par exemple l'adresse d'un éditeur, d'un organisme ou d'une personne.
• idno (identifiant) donne un numéro normalisé ou non qui peut être utilisé pour identifier une référence bibliographique.

  type	classe un numéro dans une catégorie, par exemple comme étant un numéro ISBN ou comme appartenant une autre série normalisée.

• availability (disponibilité) renseigne sur la disponibilité du texte, par exemple sur toutes restrictions quant à son usage ou sa diffusion, son statut de copyright, etc.

  status

  donne un code caractérisant la disponibilité actuelle d’un texte.

• date (date) contient une date exprimée dans n'importe quel format.

Note that the dates, places, etc., given in the publication statement relate to the publisher, distributor, or release authority most recently mentioned. If the text was created at some date other than its date of publication, its date of creation should be given within the profileDesc element, not in the publication statement. Give any other useful dates (e.g., dates of collection of data) in a note.

Additional detailed elements may be used for the encoding of names, dates, and addresses, as further described in section 3.5 Names, Numbers, Dates, Abbreviations, and Addresses when the module described in chapter 13 Names, Dates, People, and Places is included in a schema.

Where the work is covered by a formal licence (such as a Creative Commons licence), the licence element may be included in availability, with its target attribute pointing to an instance of the licence document. The content of the licence element may include the full text of the licence, or a brief statement of its applicability.

The seriesStmt element is the fifth component of the fileDesc element and is optional.

• seriesStmt (mention de collection) regroupe toute information relative à la collection (si elle existe) à laquelle appartient une publication.

In bibliographic parlance, a series may be defined in one of the following ways:

• A group of separate items related to one another by the fact that each item bears, in addition to its own title proper, a collective title applying to the group as a whole. The individual items may or may not be numbered.
• Each of two or more volumes of essays, lectures, articles, or other items, similar in character and issued in sequence.
• A separately numbered sequence of volumes within a series or serial.

The seriesStmt element may contain a prose description or one or more of the following more specific elements:

• title (titre) contient le titre complet d'une oeuvre quelconque
• idno (identifiant) donne un numéro normalisé ou non qui peut être utilisé pour identifier une référence bibliographique.
• respStmt (mention de responsabilité) donne une mention de responsabilité quant au contenu intellectuel d'un texte, d'une édition, d'un enregistrement ou d'une publication en série, lorsque les éléments spécifiques relatifs aux auteurs, éditeurs, etc. ne suffisent pas ou ne s'appliquent pas.
• resp (responsabilité) contient une expression décrivant la nature de la responsabilité intellectuelle d'une personne.
• name (nom, nom propre) contient un nom propre ou un syntagme nominal

The idno may be used to supply any identifying number associated with the item, including both standard numbers such as an ISSN and particular issue numbers. (Arabic numerals separated by punctuation are recommended for this purpose: 6.19.33, for example, rather than VI/xix:33). Its type attribute is used to categorize the number further, taking the value ISSN for an ISSN for example.

The notesStmt element is the sixth component of the fileDesc element and is optional. If used, it contains one or more note elements, each containing a single piece of descriptive information of the kind treated as ‘general notes’ in traditional bibliographic descriptions.

• notesStmt (mention de notes) rassemble toutes les notes fournissant des informations sur un texte, en plus des informations mentionnées dans d'autres parties de la description bibliographique.
• note contient une note ou une annotation

Some information found in the notes area in conventional bibliography has been assigned specific elements in these Guidelines; in particular the following items should be tagged as indicated, rather than as general notes:

• the nature, scope, artistic form, or purpose of the file; also the genre or other intellectual category to which it may belong: e.g. ‘Text types: newspaper editorials and reportage, science fiction, westerns, and detective stories’. These should be formally described within the profileDesc element (section 2.4 The Profile Description).
• summary description providing a factual, non-evaluative account of the subject content of the file: e.g. ‘Transcribes interviews on general topics with native speakers of English in 17 cities during the spring and summer of 1963.’ These should also be formally described within the profileDesc element (section 2.4 The Profile Description).
• bibliographic details relating to the source or sources of an electronic text: e.g. ‘Transcribed from the Norton facsimile of the 1623 Folio’. These should be formally described in the sourceDesc element (section 2.2.7 The Source Description).
• further information relating to publication, distribution, or release of the text, including sources from which the text may be obtained, any restrictions on its use or formal terms on its availability. These should be placed in the appropriate division of the publicationStmt element (section 2.2.4 Publication, Distribution, Licencing, etc.).
• publicly documented numbers associated with the file: e.g. ‘ICPSR study number 1803’ or ‘Oxford Text Archive text number 1243’. These should be placed in an idno element within the appropriate division of the publicationStmt element. International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSN), International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN), and other internationally agreed upon standard numbers that uniquely identify an item, should be treated in the same way, rather than as specialized bibliographic notes.

Nevertheless, the notesStmt element may be used to record potentially significant details about the file and its features, e.g.:

• dates, when they are relevant to the content or condition of the computer file: e.g. ‘manual dated 1983’, ‘Interview wave I: Apr. 1989; wave II: Jan. 1990’
• names of persons or bodies connected with the technical production, administration, or consulting functions of the effort which produced the file, if these are not named in statements of responsibility in the title or edition statements of the file description: e.g. ‘Historical commentary provided by Mark Cohen’
• availability of the file in an additional medium or information not already recorded about the availability of documentation: e.g. ‘User manual is loose-leaf in eleven paginated sections’
• language of work and abstract, if not encoded in the langUsage element, e.g. ‘Text in English with summaries in French and German’
• The unique name assigned to a serial by the International Serials Data System (ISDS), if not encoded in an idno
• lists of related publications, either describing the source itself, or concerned with the creation or use of the electronic work, e.g. ‘Texts used in Burrows (1987)’

The sourceDesc element is the seventh and final component of the fileDesc element. It is a mandatory element and is used to record details of the source or sources from which a computer file is derived. This might be a printed text or manuscript, another computer file, an audio or video recording of some kind, or a combination of these. An electronic file may also have no source, if what is being catalogued is an original text created in electronic form.

• sourceDesc (description de la source) décrit la source à partir de laquelle un texte électronique a été dérivé ou produit, habituellement une description bibliographique pour un texte numérisé, ou une expression comme "document numérique natif " pour un texte qui n'a aucune existence précédente.

Alternatively, it may contain elements drawn from the following three classes:

• model.biblLike regroupe des éléments contenant une description bibliographique.

  bibl	(référence bibliographique.) contient une référence bibliographique faiblement structurée dans laquelle les sous-composants peuvent ou non être explicitement balisés.
  biblFull	(référence bibliographique totalement structurée) contient une référence bibliographique totalement structurée : tous les composants de la description du fichier TEI y sont présents.
  biblStruct	(référence bibliographique structurée) contient une référence bibliographique dans laquelle seuls des sous-éléments bibliographiques apparaissent et cela, selon un ordre déterminé.
  listRelation	donne des informations sur les relations qui existent entre des personnes, des lieux, ou des organisations, soit de manière informelle en prose, soit de manière formelle.
  msDesc	(description d'un manuscrit) contient la description d'un manuscrit bien individualisé
  relationGrp	(groupe de relations) donne des informations sur les relations qui existent entre des personnes, des lieux, ou des organisations, soit de manière informelle en prose, soit de manière formelle.

• model.sourceDescPart regroupe des éléments que l'on peut utiliser plusieurs fois dans l'élément sourceDesc.

  recordingStmt	(déclaration d'enregistrements) décrit un ensemble d’enregistrements utilisés pour la transcription de la parole.
  scriptStmt	(déclaration du script) contient une citation donnant des détails sur le script à l’origine de la parole. [le terme ‘script’ est entendu au sens large dans ce document comme tout texte préparatoire à une prise de parole (discours politique, sermon, interview, allocution, conférence, émission, etc.)].

• model.listLike regroupe les éléments de type liste.

  list	(liste) contient une suite d'items ordonnés dans une liste.
  listApp	(liste d'entrées dans un apparat critique) contient une liste d'entrées dans un apparat critique.
  listBibl	(liste de références bibliographiques) contient une liste de références bibliographiques de toute nature.
  listEvent	(liste d'événements) contient une liste de descriptions, chacune d'entre elles fournissant des informations sur un événement connu.
  listNym	(liste de noms canoniques) contient une liste de noms normalisés pour tous types d'objets.
  listOrg	(liste d'organisations) contient une liste d'éléments, chacun d'eux fournissant des informations sur une organisation identifiable.
  listPerson	(liste de personnes) contient une liste d'éléments, chacun d'entre eux apportant des informations sur une personne précise ou sur un groupe de personnes, par exemple les participants à une interaction linguistique, ou les personnes citées dans une source historique.
  listPlace	(liste de lieux) contient une liste de lieux, qui peut être suivie d'une liste de relations définies entre les lieux (autres que la relation d'inclusion).
  listWit	(liste de témoins) donne une liste de définitions pour tous les témoignages cités dans un apparat critique, pouvant être groupées de façon hiérarchique.
  table	(tableau) contient du texte affiché sous forme de tableau, en rangées et colonnes.

When the header describes a text derived from some pre-existing TEI-conformant or other digital document, it may be simpler to use the following element, which is designed specifically for documents derived from texts which were ‘born digital’:

• biblFull (référence bibliographique totalement structurée) contient une référence bibliographique totalement structurée : tous les composants de la description du fichier TEI y sont présents.

For further discussion see section 2.2.8 Computer Files Derived from Other Computer Files .

When the module for manuscript description is included in a schema, this class also makes available the following element:

• msDesc (description d'un manuscrit) contient la description d'un manuscrit bien individualisé

This element enables the encoder to record very detailed information about one or more manuscript or analogous sources, as further discussed in 10 Manuscript Description.

The model.sourceDescPart class also makes available additional elements when additional modules are included. For example, when the spoken module is included, the sourceDesc element may also include the following special-purpose elements, intended for cases where an electronic text is derived from a spoken text rather than a written one:

• scriptStmt (déclaration du script) contient une citation donnant des détails sur le script à l’origine de la parole. [le terme ‘script’ est entendu au sens large dans ce document comme tout texte préparatoire à une prise de parole (discours politique, sermon, interview, allocution, conférence, émission, etc.)].
• recordingStmt (déclaration d'enregistrements) décrit un ensemble d’enregistrements utilisés pour la transcription de la parole.

Full descriptions of these elements and their contents are given in section 8.2 Documenting the Source of Transcribed Speech.

A single electronic text may be derived from multiple source documents, in whole or in part. The sourceDesc may therefore contain a listBibl element grouping together bibl, biblStruct, or msDesc elements for each of the sources concerned. It is also possible to repeat the sourceDesc element in such a case. The decls attribute described in section 15.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text may be used to associate parts of the encoded text with the bibliographic element from which it derives in either case.

The source description may also include lists of names, persons, places, etc. when these are considered to form part of the source for an encoded document. When such information is recorded using the specialized elements discussed in the namesdates module (13 Names, Dates, People, and Places), the class model.listLike makes available the following elements to hold such information:

• listNym (liste de noms canoniques) contient une liste de noms normalisés pour tous types d'objets.
• listOrg (liste d'organisations) contient une liste d'éléments, chacun d'eux fournissant des informations sur une organisation identifiable.
• listPerson (liste de personnes) contient une liste d'éléments, chacun d'entre eux apportant des informations sur une personne précise ou sur un groupe de personnes, par exemple les participants à une interaction linguistique, ou les personnes citées dans une source historique.
• listPlace (liste de lieux) contient une liste de lieux, qui peut être suivie d'une liste de relations définies entre les lieux (autres que la relation d'inclusion).

If a computer file (call it B) is derived not from a printed source but from another computer file (call it A) which includes a TEI file header, then the source text of computer file B is another computer file, A. The four sections of A's file header will need to be incorporated into the new header for B in slightly differing ways, as listed below:

fileDesc

A's file description should be copied into the sourceDesc section of B's file description, enclosed within a biblFull element

profileDesc

A's profileDesc should be copied into B's, in principle unchanged; it may however be expanded by project-specific information relating to B.

encodingDesc

A's encoding practice may or (more likely) may not be the same as B's. Since the object of the encoding description is to define the relationship between the current file and its source, in principle only changes in encoding practice between A and B need be documented in B. The relationship between A and its source(s) is then only recoverable from the original header of A. In practice it may be more convenient to create a new complete encodingDesc for B based on A's.

revisionDesc

B is a new computer file, and should therefore have a new revision description. If, however, it is felt useful to include some information from A's revisionDesc, for example dates of major updates or versions, such information must be clearly marked as relating to A rather than to B.

This concludes the discussion of the fileDesc element and its contents.

The projectDesc element may be used to describe, in prose, the purpose for which a digital resource was created, together with any other relevant information concerning the process by which it was assembled or collected. This is of particular importance for corpora or miscellaneous collections, but may be of use for any text, for example to explain why one kind of encoding practice has been followed rather than another.

• projectDesc (description du projet) décrit en détail le but ou l’objectif visé dans l’encodage d’un fichier électronique, ainsi que toute autre information pertinente sur la manière dont il a été construit ou recueilli.

A sampling declaration which applies to more than one text or division of a text need not be repeated in the header of each such text. Instead, the decls attribute of each text (or subdivision of the text) to which the sampling declaration applies may be used to supply a cross-reference to it, as further described in section 15.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text.

The editorialDecl element is used to provide details of the editorial practices applied during the encoding of a text.

• editorialDecl (déclaration des pratiques éditoriales) donne des précisions sur les pratiques et les principes éditoriaux appliqués au cours de l’encodage du texte.

It may contain a prose description only, or one or more of a set of specialized elements, members of the TEI model.editorialDeclPart class. Where an encoder wishes to record an editorial policy not specified above, this may be done by adding a new element to this class, using the mechanisms discussed in chapter 23.3 Personalization and Customization.

Some of these policy elements carry attributes to support automated processing of certain well-defined editorial decisions; all of them contain a prose description of the editorial principles adopted with respect to the particular feature concerned. Examples of the kinds of questions which these descriptions are intended to answer are given in the list below.

correction

• correction (règles de correction) établit comment et dans quelles circonstances des corrections ont été apportées au texte.

  status	indique le degré de correction apporté au texte.
  method	indique la méthode adoptée pour signaler les corrections dans le texte.

Was the text corrected during or after data capture? If so, were corrections made silently or are they marked using the tags described in section 3.4 Simple Editorial Changes? What principles have been adopted with respect to omissions, truncations, dubious corrections, alternate readings, false starts, repetitions, etc.?

normalization

• normalization (normalisation) indique l'extension de la normalisation ou de la régularisation effectuée sur le texte source dans sa conversion vers sa forme électronique.

  source	indique l’autorité pour toute normalisation effectuée.
  method	indique la méthode adoptée pour signaler les normalisations dans le texte.

Was the text normalized, for example by regularizing any non-standard spellings, dialect forms, etc.? If so, were normalizations performed silently or are they marked using the tags described in section 3.4 Simple Editorial Changes? What authority was used for the regularization? Also, what principles were used when normalizing numbers to provide the standard values for the value attribute described in section 3.5.3 Numbers and Measures and what format used for them?

quotation

• quotation (citation) décrit la pratique éditoriale adoptée par rapport aux guillements dans l’original.

  marks	(guillemets) indique si les guillemets ont été retenus ou non comme faisant partie du texte.
  form	précise comment les guillemets sont indiqués dans le texte.

How were quotation marks processed? Are apostrophes and quotation marks distinguished? How? Are quotation marks retained as content in the text or replaced by markup? Are there any special conventions regarding for example the use of single or double quotation marks when nested? Is the file consistent in its practice or has this not been checked?

hyphenation

• hyphenation (césurage) résume la façon dont les traits d'union sécants de fin de ligne d’un texte source ont été traités dans sa version encodée.

  eol	(fin de ligne) indique si des traits d'union sécants de fin de ligne ont été conservés ou non dans un texte.

Does the encoding distinguish ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ hyphens? What principle has been adopted with respect to end-of-line hyphenation where source lineation has not been retained? Have soft hyphens been silently removed, and if so what is the effect on lineation and pagination?

segmentation

• segmentation (segmentation) décrit les principes selon lesquels le texte a été segmenté, par exemple en phrases, en intonèmes (unités tonales), en strates graphématiques (niveaux superposés de signes graphiques), etc.

How is the text segmented? If s or seg segmentation units have been used to divide up the text for analysis, how are they marked and how was the segmentation arrived at?

stdVals

• stdVals (valeurs normalisées) précise le format utilisé pour exprimer une date ou une valeur numérique de manière normalisée .

In most cases, attributes bearing standardized values (such as the when or when-iso attribute on dates) should conform to a defined W3C or ISO datatype. In cases where this is not appropriate, this element may be used to describe the standardization methods underlying the values supplied.

interpretation

• interpretation (Interprétation) décrit le champ d’application de toute information analytique ou interprétative ajoutée à la transcription du texte.

Has any analytic or ‘interpretive’ information been provided—that is, information which is felt to be non-obvious, or potentially contentious? If so, how was it generated? How was it encoded? If feature-structure analysis has been used, are fsdDecl elements (section 18.11 Feature System Declaration) present?

An editorial practices declaration which applies to more than one text or division of a text need not be repeated in the header of each such text. Instead, the decls attribute of each text (or subdivision of the text) to which it applies may be used to supply a cross-reference to it, as further described in section 15.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text.

The tagsDecl element is used to record the following information about the tagging used within a particular text:

• the namespace to which elements appearing within the transcribed text belong.
• how often particular elements appear within the text, so that a recipient can validate the integrity of a text during interchange.
• any comment relating to the usage of particular elements not specified elsewhere in the header.
• a default rendition applicable to all instances of an element.

This information is conveyed by the following elements:

• rendition (rendu) donne des informations sur le rendu ou sur l'apparence d'un ou de plusieurs éléments dans le texte source.

  scheme

  identifie la langue employée pour décrire le rendu

• namespace (espace de noms) fournit le nom formel de l'espace de noms auquel appartiennent les éléments documentés par ses éléments fils.
• tagUsage (usage des balises.) donne des informations sur l’utilisation d’un élément spécifique dans un texte.

The tagsDecl element consists of an optional sequence of rendition elements, each of which must bear a unique identifier, followed by an optional sequence of one or more namespace elements, each of which contains a series of tagUsage elements, one for each distinct element from that namespace occurring within the outermost text element of a TEI document. Note that these tagUsage elements must be nested within a namespace element, and cannot appear directly within the tagsDecl element.

• » 2.3.4.2 Tag usage
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2.3.4.1 Rendition Rendition¶

The rendition element allows the encoder to specify how one or more elements are rendered in the original source in any of the following ways:

• using an informal prose description
• using a standard stylesheet language such as CSS or XSL-FO
• using a project-defined formal language

One or more such specifications may be associated with elements of a document in two ways:

• the render attribute of the appropriate tagUsage element may be used to indicate a default rendition for all occurrences of the named element
• the global rendition attribute may be used on any element to indicate its rendition, overriding or complementing any supplied default value

The global rend and style attributes may also be used to describe the rendering of an element. See further 1.3.1.1.3 Rendition Indicators

For example, the following schematic shows how an encoder might specify that all p elements are by default to be rendered using one set of specifications identified as style1, while hi elements are to use a different set, identified as style2:

<tagsDecl>
 <rendition xml:id="style1">
   ... description of one default rendition here ...
 </rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="style2">
   ... description of another default rendition here ...
 </rendition>
 <namespace name="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
  <tagUsage gi="p" render="#style1"> ... </tagUsage>
  <tagUsage gi="hi" render="#style2"> ... </tagUsage>
 </namespace>
</tagsDecl>
<!-- elsewhere in the document -->
<p>This paragraph,mostly rendered in style1, contains a few words
<hi>rendered in style2</hi>
</p>
<p rendition="#style2">This paragraph is all rendered in style2</p>
<p>This is back to style1</p>

As noted above, the content of a rendition element may describe the appearance of the source material using prose, a project-defined formal language, or any standard languages such as the Cascading Stylesheet Language (Lie and Bos (eds.) (1999)) or the XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics which forms a part of the W3C's Extensible Stylesheet Language (Berglund (ed.) (2006)). A styleDefDecl element (2.3.5 The default style definition language declaration) may be supplied within the encodingDesc to specify which of these applies by default; it may be overridden for one or more specific rendition elements using the scheme attribute.

In the following extended example we consider how to capture the appearance of a typical early 20th century titlepage, such as that in the following figure:

bibliography

Elements for the encoding of the information on a titlepage are presented in 4.6 Title Pages; here we consider how we might go about encoding some of the visual information as well, using the rendition element and its corresponding attributes.

First we define a rendition element for each aspect of the source page rendition that we wish to retain. Details of CSS are given in Lie and Bos (eds.) (1999); we use it here simply to provide a vocabulary with which to describe such aspects as font size and style, letter and line spacing, colour, etc. Note that the purpose of this encoding is to describe the original, rather than specify how it should be reproduced, although the two are obviously closely linked.

<styleDefDecl scheme="css"/>
<!-- ... -->
<tagsDecl>
 <rendition xml:id="center">text-align: center;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="small">font-size: small;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="large">font-size: large;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="x-large">font-size: x-large;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="xx-large">font-size: xx-large</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="expanded">letter-spacing: +3pt;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="x-space">line-height: 150%;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="xx-space">line-height: 200%;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="red">color: red;</rendition>
</tagsDecl>

The global rendition attribute can now be used to specify on any element which of the above rendition features apply to it. For example, a title page might be encoded as follows:

<titlePage>
 <docTitle rendition="#center #x-space">
  <titlePart>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#x-large">THE POEMS</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#small">OF</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#red #xx-large">ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#large #xx-space">IN SIX VOLUMES</hi>
  </titlePart>
  <titlePart rendition="#xx-space">
   <lb/> VOLUME I.
  <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#red #x-large">POEMS AND BALLADS</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#x-space">FIRST SERIES</hi>
  </titlePart>
 </docTitle>
 <docImprint rendition="#center">
  <lb/>
  <pubPlace rendition="#xx-space">LONDON</pubPlace>
  <lb/>
  <publisher rendition="#red #expanded">CHATTO &amp; WINDUS</publisher>
  <lb/>
  <docDate when="1904" rendition="#small">1904</docDate>
 </docImprint>
</titlePage>

bibliography 

When CSS is used as the style definition language, the scope attribute may be used to specify CSS pseudo-elements. These pseudo-elements are used to specify styling applicable to only a portion of the given text. For example, the first-letter pseudo-element defines styling to be applied to the first letter in the targeted element, while the before and after pseudo-elements can be used often in conjunction with the "content" property to add additional characters which need to be added before or after the element content to make it more closely resemble the appearance of the source.

For example, assuming that a text has been encoded using the q element to enclose passages in quotation marks, but the quotation marks themselves have been routinely omitted from the encoding, a set of renditions such as the following:

<rendition xml:id="quoteBefore" scheme="css" scope="before">content:
'“';</rendition>
<rendition xml:id="quoteAfter" scheme="css" scope="after">content:
'”';</rendition>

might be used to predefine pseudo-elements quoteBefore and quoteAfter. Where a q element is actually rendered in the source with initial and final quotation marks, it may then be encoded as follows:

<q rendition="#quoteBefore #quoteAfter">Four score and seven years
ago...</q>

The refsDecl element is used to document the way in which any standard referencing scheme built into the encoding works.

• refsDecl (Déclaration du système de références) précise la manière dont les références canoniques ont été construites pour ce texte.

It may contain either a series of prose paragraphs or the following specialized elements:

• cRefPattern (Modèle de référence canonique) spécifie un modèle d’expression et des règles de remplacement pour transformer une référence canonique en URI.
• refState/ (état de la référence) spécifie un composant d’une référence canonique définie par la méthode du bornage.
• att.patternReplacement provides attributes for regular-expression matching and replacement.

  matchPattern	specifies a regular expression against which the values of other attributes can be matched.
  replacementPattern	spécifie une ‘règle de remplacement’ qui, après avoir opéré les substitutions prévues à chaque nœud, génère une URI.

Note that not all possible referencing schemes are equally easily supported by current software systems. A choice must be made between the convenience of the encoder and the likely efficiency of the particular software applications envisaged, in this context as in many others. For a more detailed discussion of referencing systems supported by these Guidelines, see section 3.10 Reference Systems below.

A referencing scheme may be described in one of three ways using this element:

• as a prose description
• as a series of pairs of regular expressions and XPaths
• as a concatenation of sequentially organized milestones

Each method is described in more detail below. Only one method can be used within a single refsDecl element.

More than one refsDecl element can be included in the header if more than one canonical reference scheme is to be used in the same document, but the current proposals do not check for mutual inconsistency.

The following element is provided to indicate (within the header of a document, or in an external location) that a particular coordinate notation, or a particular datum, has been employed in a text. The default notation is a string containing two real numbers separated by whitespace, of which the first indicates latitude and the second longitude according to the 1984 World Geodetic System (WGS84).

• geoDecl (déclaration de coordonnées géographiques.) documente la notation et les données utilisées pour exprimer les coordonnées géographiques dans l'élément geoailleurs dans le document.

  datum

  donne un nom de code d'usage général pour les données employées.

The schemaSpec element contains a schema specification. When this element appears inside encodingDesc, it allows embedding of a schema inside a TEI header; alternatively, this element may be used in the body of an ODD document. The use of ODD files, and their relationship to schemas, is described in detail in 22 Documentation Elements.

It is sometimes convenient to store information relating to the processing of an encoded resource within its header. Typical uses for such information might be:

• to allow an application to discover that it has previously opened or edited a file, and what version of itself was used to do that;
• to show (through a date) which application last edited the file to allow for diagnosis of any problems that might have been caused by that application;
• to allow users to discover information about an application used to edit the file
• to allow the application to declare an interest in elements of the file which it has edited, so that other applications or human editors may be more wary of making changes to those sections of the file.

The class model.applicationLike provides an element, application, which may be used to record such information within the appInfo element.

• appInfo (informations d'application) enregistre des informations sur l'application qui a été utilisée pour traiter le fichier TEI.
• application fournit des informations sur une application qui a été utilisée pour le traitement du document.

  ident	fournit un identifiant pour l'application, indépendamment de son numéro de version ou du nom affiché.
  version	fournit un numéro de version pour l'application, indépendamment de son identifiant ou du nom affiché.

Each application element identifies the current state of one software application with regard to the current file. This element is a member of the att.datable class, which provides a variety of attributes for associating this state with a date and time, or a temporal range. The ident and version attributes should be used to uniquely identify the application and its major version number (for example, ImageMarkupTool 1.5). It is not intended that an application should add a new application each time it touches the file.

The langUsage element is used within the profileDesc element to describe the languages, sublanguages, registers, dialects, etc. represented within a text. It contains one or more language elements, each of which provides information about a single language, notably the quantity of that language present in the text. Note that this element should not be used to supply information about any non-standard characters or glyphs used by this language; such information should be recorded in the charDecl element in the encoding description (see further 5 Representation of Non-standard Characters and Glyphs).

• langUsage (langue utilisée) décrit les langues, variétés de langues, registres, dialectes, etc. présents à l’intérieur d’un texte.
• language (langue) caractérise une langue ou une variété de langue utilisée dans un texte.

  usage	précise approximativement le pourcentage du volume de texte utilisant cette langue.
  ident	(identificateur) fournit un code de langue issu de la recommandation RFC 3066 RFC 3066 (ou son successeur) utilisé pour identifier la langue précisée par cet élément, référencé par l’attribut global xml:lang s’appliquant à l’élément considéré.

A language element may be supplied for each different language used in a document. If used, its ident attribute should specify an appropriate language identifier, as further discussed in section vi.1. Language identification. This is particularly important if extended language identifiers have been used as the value of xml:lang attributes elsewhere in the document.

The textClass element is used to classify a text in some way.

• textClass (classification du texte) regroupe des informations décrivant la nature ou le sujet d’un texte selon des termes issus d’un système de classification standardisé, d’un thésaurus, etc.

Text classification may be carried out according to one or more of the following methods:

• by reference to a recognized international classification such as the Dewey Decimal Classification, the Universal Decimal Classification, the Colon Classification, the Library of Congress Classification, or any other system widely used in library and documentation work
• by providing a set of keywords, as provided for example by British Library or Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
• by referencing any other taxonomy of text categories recognized in the field concerned, or peculiar to the material in hand; this may include one based on recurring sets of values for the situational parameters defined in section 15.2.1 The Text Description, or the demographic elements described in section 15.2.2 The Participant Description

The last of these may be particularly important for dealing with existing corpora or collections, both as a means of avoiding the expense or inconvenience of reclassification and as a means of documenting the organizing principles of such materials.

The following elements are provided for this purpose:

• keywords (mot-clé) contient une liste de mots-clés ou d’expressions décrivant la nature ou le sujet d’un texte.

  scheme

  désigne la liste close de mots dans lequel l'ensemble des mots-clés concernés est défini.

• classCode (code de classification) contient le code de classification attribué à ce texte en référence à un système standard de classification.

  scheme

  identifie le système de classification ou la taxinomie utilisée.

• catRef/ (Référence à la catégorie) spécifie une ou plusieurs catégories définies dans une taxinomie ou une typologie textuelle.

The keywords element simply categorizes an individual text by supplying a list of keywords which may describe its topic or subject matter, its form, date, etc. In some schemes, the order of items in the list is significant, for example, from major topic to minor; in others, the list has an organized substructure of its own. No recommendations are made here as to which method is to be preferred. Wherever possible, such keywords should be taken from a recognized source, such as the British Library/Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data in the case of printed books, or a published thesaurus appropriate to the field.

If no authority file exists, perhaps because the keywords used were assigned directly by an author, the scheme attribute should be omitted.

Alternatively, if the keyword vocabulary itself is locally defined, the scheme attribute will point to the local definition, which will typically be held in a taxonomy element within the classDecl part of the encoding description (see section 2.3.7 The Classification Declaration).

The catRef element categorizes an individual text by pointing to one or more category elements using the target attribute, which it inherits from the att.pointing class. The category element (which is fully described in section 2.3.7 The Classification Declaration) holds information about a particular classification or category within a given taxonomy. Each such category must have a unique identifier, which may be supplied as the value of the target attribute for catRef elements which are regarded as falling within the category indicated.

In general, it is a matter of style whether to use a single catRef with mulitple identifers in the value of target or multiple catRef elements, each with a single identifier in the value of target. However, note that maintenance of a TEI document with a large number of values within a single target can be cumbersome.

The distinction between the catRef and classCode elements is that the values used as identifying codes are exhaustively enumerated for the former, typically within the TEI header. In the latter case, however, the values use any externally-defined scheme, and therefore may be taken from a more open-ended descriptive classification system.

The calendarDesc element is used within the profileDesc element to document objects referenced by means of either the calendar attribute on date or the dateScheme attribute on any member of the att.datable class.

• calendarDesc (description des calendriers) contient la description des différents calendriers utilisés dans des dates écrits dans un manuscrit.

This element may contain one or more calendar elements:

• calendar (calendrier) describes a calendar or dating system used in a dating formula in the text.