: <origin>

These search results reproduce every example of the use of <origin> in the Guidelines, including all localised and translated versions. In some cases, the examples have been drawn from discussion of other elements in the Guidelines and illustrating the use of <origin> is not the main focus of the passage in question. In other cases, examples may be direct translations of each other, and hence identical from the perspective of their encoding.

10 Manuscript Description


10.2 The Manuscript Description Element

<msDesc>
 <msIdentifier>
  <settlement>Oxford</settlement>
  <repository>Bodleian Library</repository>
  <idno>MS. Add. A. 61</idno>
  <altIdentifier type="SC">
   <idno>28843</idno>
  </altIdentifier>
 </msIdentifier>
 <msContents>
  <msItem>
   <author xml:lang="en">Geoffrey of Monmouth</author>
   <author xml:lang="la">Galfridus Monumetensis</author>
   <title type="uniformxml:lang="la">De origine et gestis Regum Angliae</title>
   <rubric xml:lang="la">Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie</rubric>
   <incipit xml:lang="la">Cum mecum multa &amp; de multis</incipit>
   <textLang mainLang="la">Latin</textLang>
  </msItem>
 </msContents>
 <physDesc>
  <objectDesc form="codex">
   <supportDesc material="perg">
    <support>
     <p>Parchment.</p>
    </support>
    <extent>i + 55 leaves <dimensions scope="alltype="leaf"
      unit="inch">

      <height></height>
      <width>5⅜</width>
     </dimensions>
    </extent>
   </supportDesc>
   <layoutDesc>
    <layout columns="2">
     <p>In double columns.</p>
    </layout>
   </layoutDesc>
  </objectDesc>
  <handDesc>
   <p>Written in more than one hand.</p>
  </handDesc>
  <decoDesc>
   <p>With a few coloured capitals.</p>
  </decoDesc>
 </physDesc>
 <history>
  <origin>
   <p>Written in <origPlace>England</origPlace> in the <origDate notAfter="1300"
     notBefore="1200">
13th cent.</origDate>
   </p>
  </origin>
  <provenance>
   <p>On fol. 54v very faint is <quote xml:lang="la">Iste liber est fratris
         guillelmi de buria de <gap/> Roberti ordinis fratrum
         Pred<ex>icatorum</ex>
    </quote>, 14th cent. (?): <quote>hanauilla</quote> is
       written at the foot of the page (15th cent.).</p>
  </provenance>
  <acquisition>
   <p>Bought from the rev. <name key="MCRAYWD">W. D. Macray</name> on <date when="1863-03-17">March 17, 1863</date>, for £1 10s.</p>
  </acquisition>
 </history>
</msDesc>

<msDesc>

<msDesc>
 <msIdentifier>
  <country>France</country>
  <settlement>Paris</settlement>
  <repository xml:lang="fr">Bibliothèque nationale de France. Réserve des livres rares></repository>
  <idno>RES P- YC- 1275</idno>
<!-- dans le cas des recueils : cote uniquement sans les sous-cotes -->
  <altIdentifier>
   <idno>Y. 1341</idno>
   <note>Cote de la Bibliothèque royale au XVIIIe s. (Catalogue de 1750).</note>
  </altIdentifier>
 </msIdentifier>
 <msContents>
  <msItem>
<!-- pour le traitement des recueils la solution possible est de répéter l'élément <msItem> -->
   <docAuthor>
    <forename>Juvénal</forename>
   </docAuthor>
   <docAuthor>
    <forename>Perse</forename>
   </docAuthor>
   <docTitle>
    <titlePart type="main"/>
    <titlePart type="sub"/>
   </docTitle>
   <docImprint>
    <pubPlace>Venise</pubPlace>
    <publisher>F. Torresani</publisher>
<!-- dans le Catalogue général: "in aedibus haeredum Aldi et Andreae soceri" -->
    <publisher>G.-F. Torresani</publisher>
   </docImprint>
   <docDate when="1535">1535</docDate>
   <note>In-8°.</note>
<!-- in-32°; in-24°; in-16°; in-8°; in-4°; in-folio; gr. folio -->
   <note>Exemplaire avec rehauts peints en argent, or et bleu.</note>
   <note>
    <ref target="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb31088624r">Notice bibliographique
         dans le Catalogue général</ref>
   </note>
  </msItem>
 </msContents>
 <physDesc>
  <p>
   <ref target="http://bnf.fr/ark://">Image de la reliure dans l'iconothèque</ref>
<!-- RC-B-05225 (plat sup.) -->
  </p>
  <objectDesc>
   <supportDesc>
    <extent>
     <dimensions type="binding">
      <height unit="mm">170</height>
      <width unit="mm">98</width>
      <depth unit="mm">15</depth>
     </dimensions>
    </extent>
   </supportDesc>
  </objectDesc>
  <bindingDesc>
   <binding contemporary="true">
    <p>
     <index indexName="typo_reliure">
      <term>Reliure à décor</term>
     </index>
     <index indexName="typo_decor">
      <term>Entrelacs géométriques</term>
     </index> Reliure en <material>maroquin</material> brun jaspé</p>
    <decoNote type="plats"> à décor d’entrelacs géométriques (structure de losange et
         rectangle) complété de fers évidés.</decoNote>
    <decoNote type="plat_sup">Titre <q>ivvenalis. persivs</q> et ex-libris de Jean
         Grolier <q>io. grolierii et amicorvm.</q> dorés respectivement au centre et au bas
         du plat supérieur. </decoNote>
    <decoNote type="plat_inf">Devise de Jean Grolier<q>portio mea sit in terra
           viventivm</q> dorée au centre du plat inférieur.</decoNote>
    <decoNote type="dos">Dos à cinq nerfs, sans décor ; simple filet doré sur chaque
         nerf et en encadrement des caissons ; passages de chaînette marqués de même.</decoNote>
    <decoNote type="tranchefiles">Tranchefiles simples unicolores, vert foncé.</decoNote>
    <decoNote type="coupes">Filet doré sur les coupes.</decoNote>
    <decoNote type="annexes"/>
    <decoNote type="tranches">Tranches dorées.</decoNote>
    <decoNote type="contreplats">Contreplats en vélin.</decoNote>
    <decoNote type="chasses">Filet doré sur les chasses.</decoNote>
<!-- Description des gardes : gardes blanches ; gardes couleurs (marbrées, gaufrées, peintes, dominotées, etc.) généralement suivies de gardes blanches ; dans tous les cas, spécifier le nombre de gardes (début + fin du volume)-->
    <decoNote type="gardes">Gardes en papier et vélin (2+1+2 / 2+1+2) ; filigrane au
         pot.<ref>Briquet N° XX</ref>
    </decoNote>
<!-- Élément qui inclut aussi bien des remarques sur la couture que les charnières, claies ou modes d'attaches des plats : tous éléments de la structure dont la description est jugée utile à la description et l'identification de la reliure-->
    <decoNote type="structure">Defet manuscrit utilisé comme claie au contreplat
         inférieur (visible par transparence, sous la contregarde en vélin).</decoNote>
    <condition>Traces de mouillures anciennes plus ou moins importantes au bas des
         feuillets, qui n'ont pas affecté la reliure ; éraflure en tête du plat
         inférieur.</condition>
   </binding>
  </bindingDesc>
 </physDesc>
 <history>
  <origin notBefore="1540-01-01"
   notAfter="1547-09-15">

   <p>Reliure exécutée pour Jean Grolier par Jean Picard, Paris, entre 1540 et 1547.</p>
  </origin>
  <provenance>
   <p/>
  </provenance>
  <acquisition notBefore="1680-12-31"
   notAfter="1724-12-31">
Estampille n° 1, utilisée de
     la fin du XVIIe siècle à 1724 (page de titre).</acquisition>
 </history>
 <additional>
  <adminInfo>
   <recordHist>
    <source>Notice établie à partir du document original</source>
    <change when="2009-10-05who="Markova">Description mise à jour le <date type="crea">5 octobre 2009 </date>en vue de l'encodage en TEI des descriptions des reliure
         de la Réserve des livres rares</change>
    <change when="2009-06-01who="Le Bars">Description revue le <date type="maj">1er
           juin 2009 </date> par Fabienne Le Bars</change>
    <change when="2009-06-25who="Le Bars">Description validée le<date type="valid">25
           juin 2009</date>par Fabienne Le Bars</change>
   </recordHist>
  </adminInfo>
 </additional>
</msDesc>

10.8 History

<history>
 <origin>
  <p>Written in <origPlace>Durham</origPlace> during <origDate notBefore="1125"
    notAfter="1175">
the mid-twelfth
       century</origDate>.</p>
 </origin>
 <provenance>
  <p>Recorded in two medieval catalogues of the books belonging to
  <name type="org">Durham Priory</name>, made in <date>1391</date> and
  <date>1405</date>.</p>
 </provenance>
 <provenance>
  <p>Given to <name type="person">W. Olleyf</name> by <name type="person">William Ebchester, Prior (1446-56)</name> and later belonged to
  <name type="person">Henry Dalton</name>, Prior of Holy Island (<name type="place">Lindisfarne</name>) according to inscriptions on ff. 4v and 5.</p>
 </provenance>
 <acquisition>
  <p>Presented to <name type="org">Trinity College</name> in
  <date>1738</date> by <name type="person">Thomas Gale</name> and his son <name type="person">Roger</name>.</p>
 </acquisition>
</history>

10.8 History

<history>
 <origin notBefore="1225notAfter="1275"> Written in Spain or Portugal in the
   middle of the 13th century (the date 1042, given in a marginal note on f. 97v,
   cannot be correct.)</origin>
 <provenance>The Spanish scholar <name type="person">Benito Arias Montano</name>
   (1527-1598) has written his name on f. 97r, and may be presumed to have owned
   the manuscript. </provenance>
 <provenance>It came somehow into the possession of <foreign xml:lang="da">etatsråd</foreign>
  <name type="person">Holger Parsberg</name> (1636-1692), who has written his name
   twice, once on the front pastedown and once on f. 1r, the former dated
 <date>1680</date> and the latter <date>1682</date>.</provenance>
 <provenance>Following Parsberg's death the manuscript was bought by
 <foreign>etatsråd</foreign>
  <name type="person">Jens Rosenkrantz</name> (1640-1695) when Parsberg's library
   was auctioned off (23 October 1693).</provenance>
 <acquisition notBefore="1696"
  notAfter="1697">
The manuscript was acquired by
   Árni Magnússon from the estate of Jens Rosenkrantz, presumably at auction (the
   auction lot number 468 is written in red chalk on the flyleaf), either in 1696
   or 97.</acquisition>
</history>

<history>

<history>
 <origin>
  <p>Written in Durham during the mid twelfth
     century.</p>
 </origin>
 <provenance>
  <p>Recorded in two medieval
     catalogues of the books belonging to Durham Priory, made in 1391 and
     1405.</p>
 </provenance>
 <provenance>
  <p>Given to W. Olleyf by William Ebchester, Prior (1446-56)
     and later belonged to Henry Dalton, Prior of Holy Island (Lindisfarne)
     according to inscriptions on ff. 4v and 5.</p>
 </provenance>
 <acquisition>
  <p>Presented to Trinity College in 1738 by
     Thomas Gale and his son Roger.</p>
 </acquisition>
</history>

<history>

<history>
 <origin>
  <p>最早由迦葉尊者以梵文手寫。</p>
 </origin>
 <provenance>
  <p>後由菩提達摩傳給慧思禪師,再經由小野妹子於推古天皇十七年(西元609年)傳入日本。</p>
  <p>淨嚴和尚於1694年以梵文悉曇體手寫抄錄。</p>
  <p>穆勒(Max Muller)於1884年轉寫成天城體及羅馬拼音,傳至歐美國家。</p>
 </provenance>
 <acquisition>
  <p>現收藏於東京博物館。</p>
 </acquisition>
</history>

<origin>

<origin notBefore="1802notAfter="1845"
 evidence="internalresp="#AMH">
Copied in <name type="origPlace">Derby</name>, probably from an
old Flemish original, between 1802 and 1845, according to <persName xml:id="AMH">Anne-Mette Hansen</persName>.
</origin>

<origin>

<origin notBefore="1802notAfter="1845"
 evidence="internalresp="#fr_AMH">
Copied in <name type="origPlace">Derby</name>, probably from an old Flemish original, between 1802 and
1845, according to <persName xml:id="fr_AMH">Anne-Mette Hansen</persName>.</origin>

<origin>

<origin notBefore="1802notAfter="1845"
 evidence="internalresp="#zh-tw_HDM">
抄寫於 <name type="origPlace">印度</name>,可能源自巴利文,時間介於1802至1845年間,由<persName xml:id="zh-tw_HDM">黃大鳴</persName>提供。</origin>

13 Names, Dates, People, and Places


13.3.5 Objects

<listObject>
 <object xml:id="TutankhamunMask">
  <objectIdentifier>
   <objectName xml:lang="en">Mask of Tutankhamun</objectName>
   <idno type="carter">256a</idno>
   <idno type="JournalD'Entrée">60672</idno>
   <idno type="exhibition">220</idno>
   <institution>Museum of Egyptian Antiquities</institution>
   <address>
    <street>15 Meret Basha</street>
    <district>Ismailia</district>
    <settlement>Cairo</settlement>
    <country>Egypt</country>
    <location>
     <geo>30.047778, 31.233333</geo>
    </location>
   </address>
  </objectIdentifier>
  <msContents>
   <p>The back and shoulders of the mask is inscribed with a protective spell in Egyptian hieroglyphs formed of ten
       vertical and horizontal lines. This spell first appeared on masks in the Middle Kingdom at least 500 years
       before Tutankhamun, and comes from chapter 151 of the <title>Book of the Dead</title>.</p>
  </msContents>
  <physDesc>
   <p> The mask of Tutankhamun is 54cm x 39.3cm x 49cm. It is constructed from two layers of high-karat gold that
       varies in thickness from 1.5-3mm. It weighs approximately 10.23kg and x-ray crystallography shows that it is
       composed of two alloys of gold with a lighter 18.4 karat shade being used for the face and neck while a heavier
       22.5 karat gold was used for the rest of the mask.</p>
   <p>In the mask Tutankhamun wears a nemes headcloth which has the royal insignia of a cobra (Wadjet) and vulture
       (Nekhbet) on it. These are thought respectively to symbolise Tutankhamun's rule of both Lower Egypt and Upper
       Egypt. His ears are pierced for earrings. The mask has rich inlays of coloured glass and gemstones, including
       lapis lazuli surrounding the eye and eyebrows, quartz for the eyes, obsidian for the pupils. The broad collar is
       made up of carnelian, feldspar, turquoise, amazonite, faience and other stones.</p>
  </physDesc>
  <history>
   <origin>
    <p>The mask of Tutankhamun was created in <origPlace>Egypt</origPlace> around <origDate when="-1323type="circa">1323 BC</origDate>. It is a death mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun
         who reigned 1332–1323 BC. </p>
   </origin>
   <provenance>
    <p>The mask of Tutankhamun was found in his burial chamber at Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in
         1922. On 28 October 1925 the excavation team led by English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the heavy
         sarcophagus and three coffins and were the first people in around 3,250 years to see the mask of Tutankhamun.
         Carter wrote in his diary: <quote> The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed –
           a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing
           Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and
           beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly
           back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens. </quote>
    </p>
   </provenance>
   <acquisition> In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported 635
       kilometres (395 mi) to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display. </acquisition>
  </history>
  <additional>
   <adminInfo>
    <custodialHist>
     <custEvent when="1944">When it was discovered in 1925, the 2.5kg narrow gold beard was no longer attached to
           the mask and was reattached to the chin by use of a wooden dowel in 1944.</custEvent>
     <custEvent when="2014-08"> In August 2014 when the mask was removed from its display case for cleaning, the
           beard fell off again. Those working in the museum unadvisedly used a quick-drying epoxy to attempt to fix
           it, but left the beard off-centre. </custEvent>
     <custEvent when="2015-01">The damage was noticed and repaired in January 2015 by a German-Egyptian team who
           used beeswax, a material known to be used as adhesives by the ancient Egyptians.</custEvent>
    </custodialHist>
   </adminInfo>
  </additional>
 </object>
</listObject>

13.3.5 Objects

<listObject>
 <object xml:id="Alfred-Jewel">
  <objectIdentifier>
   <country>United Kingdom</country>
   <region>Oxfordshire</region>
   <settlement>Oxford</settlement>
   <institution>University of Oxford</institution>
   <repository>Ashmolean Museum</repository>
   <collection>English Treasures</collection>
   <idno type="ashmolean">AN1836p.135.371</idno>
   <idno type="wikipedia">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel</idno>
   <objectName>Alfred Jewel</objectName>
  </objectIdentifier>
  <physDesc>
   <p> The Alfred Jewel is about 6.4 cm in length and is made of combination of filigreed <material>gold</material>
       surrounding a polished teardrop shaped piece of transparent <material>quartz</material>. Underneath the rock
       crystal is a cloisonné enamel image of a man with ecclesiastical symbols. The sides of the jewel holding the
       crystal in place contain an openwork inscription saying "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN", meaning 'Alfred ordered me
       made'. </p>
  </physDesc>
  <history>
   <origin>It is generally accepted that the Alfred Jewel dates from the <origDate>late 9th Century</origDate> and
       was most likely made in <origPlace>England</origPlace>. </origin>
   <provenance when="1693">The jewel was discovered in 1693 at Petherton Park, North Petherton in the English county
       of Somerset, on land owned by Sir Thomas Wroth. North Petherton is about 8 miles away from Athelney, where King
       Alfred founded a monastery. </provenance>
   <provenance when="1698">A description of the Alfred Jewel was first published in 1698, in the Philosophical
       Transactions of the Royal Society.</provenance>
   <acquisition> It was bequeathed to Oxford University by Colonel Nathaniel Palmer (c. 1661-1718) and today is in
       the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. </acquisition>
  </history>
 </object>
</listObject>
<!-- Elsewhere in document -->
<p> The <objectName ref="#MinsterLovellJewel">Minster Lovell Jewel</objectName> is probably the most similar to the
<objectName ref="#Alfred-Jewel">Alfred Jewel</objectName> and was found in <placeName ref="#MinsterLovell">Minster
   Lovell</placeName> in <placeName ref="#Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</placeName> and is kept at the <orgName ref="#AshmoleanMuseum">Ashmolean Museum</orgName>.
</p>

13.3.5 Objects

<object type="buildingxml:lang="en"
 xml:id="UNAM-CL">

 <objectIdentifier>
  <objectName type="abbr">The Central Library of UNAM</objectName>
  <objectName type="full">The Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico</objectName>
  <objectName xml:lang="es">La Biblioteca Central de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</objectName>
  <settlement>Mexico City</settlement>
  <region>Coyoacán</region>
  <country>Mexico</country>
 </objectIdentifier>
 <physDesc>
  <objectDesc>
   <p> The Central Library encompasses an area of <dim unit="mquantity="16000"
     type="area">
16 thousand square
         meters</dim> and is built on a three meter platform. The base contains two <material>basalt</material>
    <objectType>fountains</objectType> and <objectType>decorative reliefs</objectType> inspired by
       pre-Hispanic art.</p>
   <p>The library has ten windowless floors for book storage, each having enough space for 120 thousand volumes.
       These storage areas have the necessary lighting, temperature and humidty conditions for book conservation.
       In the reading room, flanked by a garden on each side, the diffuse and matte light is filtered through
   <material>thin tecali stone slabs</material>. The semi-basement of the building contains the service
       and administrative offices of the library.</p>
   <p>The building facades are covered with one of the largest murals in the world and is made from naturally
       colored stone tiles. It is entitled <title>Historical Representation of Culture</title> and is by
   <persName role="artist">Juan O'Gorman</persName>.</p>
  </objectDesc>
  <decoDesc>
   <decoNote>
    <label>Base</label> At the base of the building there are two basalt fountains and decorative reliefs
       around the outside that are inspired by pre-Hispanic art. The color of the stone in these elements is left
       exposed to take advantage of the stone's texture as an aesthetic and expressive element, and to give a
       sense of continuity to the external pavement.</decoNote>
   <decoNote>
    <label>Murals</label>
    <p>The outside windowless portion of the building contains one of the largest murals in the world. This is
         called <title>Historical Representation of the Culture</title> and is a <material>stone polychromatic
           mosaic</material> based on the combination of 12 basic colors. The mural is created in an
         impressionist style where the coloured tiles when seen from a distance form specific figures. The 12
         colors where chosen from 150 samples of original stones with the criteria including the stone's
         resistance to degredation by weather. According to the artist, <persName role="artist">Juan
           O'Gorman</persName>, in the mosaic he represented three fundamental historical facets of the Mexican
         culture: the pre-Hispanic era, the Spanish colonial era, and the modern age. For example with the North
         Wall, this represents the pre-Hispanic era and is dominated by mythical elements relating to the
         life-death duality. The left side of the main axis there are
         deities and scenes pertaining to the creation of life. The right hand side of the mural contains figures
         relating to death. For a more detailed description see <ref target="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Library_(UNAM)#Murals">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Library_(UNAM)#Murals</ref>. </p>
   </decoNote>
  </decoDesc>
 </physDesc>
 <history>
  <origin> In <origDate when="1948type="conceptual">1948</origDate> the architect and artist Juan O'Gorman, in
     collaboration with architects Gustavo Saavedra and Juan Martinez de Velasco designed the building with a
     functionalist approach, as part of the greater project of the construction of the University City on the
     grounds of the Pedregal de San Angel in Mexico City. Originally the building was planned to host the National
     Library and National Newspaper Library of Mexico. The library finally opened its doors for the first time on
  <origDate when="1956-04-05"
    type="opening">
5 April 1956</origDate>. In July 2007 it was declared a UNESCO
     world heritage site. </origin>
 </history>
 <additional>
  <adminInfo>
   <custodialHist>
    <custEvent from="1981to="1983"> The library was significantly remodelled from 1981 - 1983 with the
         purpose of changing from closed shelving to open stacks, providing users more direct access to the
         collections. </custEvent>
   </custodialHist>
  </adminInfo>
 </additional>
</object>

<object>

<listObject>
 <object xml:id="Alfred_Jewel">
  <objectIdentifier>
   <country>United Kingdom</country>
   <region>Oxfordshire</region>
   <settlement>Oxford</settlement>
   <institution>University of Oxford</institution>
   <repository>Ashmolean Museum</repository>
   <collection>English Treasures</collection>
   <idno type="ashmolean">AN1836p.135.371</idno>
   <idno type="wikipedia">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel</idno>
   <objectName>Alfred Jewel</objectName>
  </objectIdentifier>
  <physDesc>
   <p> The Alfred Jewel is about 6.4 cm in length and is made of combination of filigreed <material>gold</material>
       surrounding a polished teardrop shaped piece of transparent <material>quartz</material>. Underneath the rock
       crystal is a cloisonné enamel image of a man with ecclesiastical symbols. The sides of the jewel holding the
       crystal in place contain an openwork inscription saying "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN", meaning 'Alfred ordered
       me made'. </p>
  </physDesc>
  <history>
   <origin>It is generally accepted that the Alfred Jewel dates from the <origDate>late 9th Century</origDate> and
       was most likely made in <origPlace>England</origPlace>. </origin>
   <provenance when="1693">The jewel was discovered in 1693 at Petherton Park, North Petherton in the English
       county of Somerset, on land owned by Sir Thomas Wroth. North Petherton is about 8 miles away from Athelney,
       where King Alfred founded a monastery. </provenance>
   <provenance when="1698">A description of the Alfred Jewel was first published in 1698, in the Philosophical
       Transactions of the Royal Society.</provenance>
   <acquisition> It was bequeathed to Oxford University by Colonel Nathaniel Palmer (c. 1661-1718) and today is in
       the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. </acquisition>
  </history>
 </object>
</listObject>
<!-- Elsewhere in document -->
<p> The <objectName ref="#MinsterLovellJewel">Minster Lovell Jewel</objectName> is probably the most similar to the
<objectName ref="#Alfred_Jewel">Alfred Jewel</objectName> and was found in <placeName ref="#MinsterLovell">Minster
   Lovell</placeName> in <placeName ref="#Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</placeName> and is kept at the <orgName ref="#AshmoleanMuseum">Ashmolean Museum</orgName>.
</p>

<object>

<listObject>
 <object xml:id="MaskOfTutankhamun">
  <objectIdentifier>
   <objectName xml:lang="en">Mask of Tutankhamun</objectName>
   <idno type="carter">256a</idno>
   <idno type="JournalD'Entrée">60672</idno>
   <idno type="exhibition">220</idno>
   <institution>Museum of Egyptian Antiquities</institution>
   <address>
    <street>15 Meret Basha</street>
    <district>Ismailia</district>
    <settlement>Cairo</settlement>
    <country>Egypt</country>
    <location>
     <geo>30.047778, 31.233333</geo>
    </location>
   </address>
  </objectIdentifier>
  <msContents>
   <p>The back and shoulders of the mask is inscribed with a protective spell in Egyptian hieroglyphs formed of ten
       vertical and horizontal lines. This spell first appeared on masks in the Middle Kingdom at least 500 years
       before Tutankhamun, and comes from chapter 151 of the <title>Book of the Dead</title>.</p>
  </msContents>
  <physDesc>
   <p> The mask of Tutankhamun is 54cm x 39.3cm x 49cm. It is constructed from two layers of high-karat gold that
       varies in thickness from 1.5-3mm. It weighs approximately 10.23kg and x-ray crystallography shows that it is
       composed of two alloys of gold with a lighter 18.4 karat shade being used for the face and neck while a heavier
       22.5 karat gold was used for the rest of the mask.</p>
   <p>In the mask Tutankhamun wears a nemes headcloth which has the royal insignia of a cobra (Wadjet) and vulture
       (Nekhbet) on it. These are thought respectively to symbolise Tutankhamun's rule of both Lower Egypt and Upper
       Egypt. His ears are pierced for earrings. The mask has rich inlays of coloured glass and gemstones, including
       lapis lazuli surrounding the eye and eyebrows, quartz for the eyes, obsidian for the pupils. The broad collar is
       made up of carnelian, feldspar, turquoise, amazonite, faience and other stones.</p>
  </physDesc>
  <history>
   <origin>
    <p>The mask of Tutankhamun was created in <origPlace>Egypt</origPlace> around <origDate when="-1323type="circa">1323 BC</origDate>. It is a death mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun
         who reigned 1332–1323 BC. </p>
   </origin>
   <provenance>
    <p>The mask of Tutankhamun was found in his burial chamber at Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in
         1922. On 28 October 1925 the excavation team led by English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the heavy
         sarcophagus and three coffins and were the first people in around 3,250 years to see the mask of Tutankhamun.
         Carter wrote in his diary: <quote> The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed –
           a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing
           Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and
           beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly
           back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens. </quote>
    </p>
   </provenance>
   <acquisition> In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported 635
       kilometres (395 mi) to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display. </acquisition>
  </history>
  <additional>
   <adminInfo>
    <custodialHist>
     <custEvent when="1944">When it was discovered in 1925, the 2.5kg narrow gold beard was no longer attached to
           the mask and was reattached to the chin by use of a wooden dowel in 1944.</custEvent>
     <custEvent when="2014-08"> In August 2014 when the mask was removed from its display case for cleaning, the
           beard fell off again. Those working in the museum unadvisedly used a quick-drying epoxy to attempt to fix
           it, but left the beard off-centre. </custEvent>
     <custEvent when="2015-01">The damage was noticed and repaired in January 2015 by a German-Egyptian team who
           used beeswax, a material known to be used as adhesives by the ancient Egyptians.</custEvent>
    </custodialHist>
   </adminInfo>
  </additional>
 </object>
</listObject>

<listObject>

<listObject>
 <object xml:id="AlfredJewel">
  <objectIdentifier>
   <country>United Kingdom</country>
   <region>Oxfordshire</region>
   <settlement>Oxford</settlement>
   <institution>University of Oxford</institution>
   <repository>Ashmolean Museum</repository>
   <collection>English Treasures</collection>
   <idno type="ashmolean">AN1836p.135.371</idno>
   <idno type="wikipedia">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jewel</idno>
   <objectName>Alfred Jewel</objectName>
  </objectIdentifier>
  <physDesc>
   <p> The Alfred Jewel is about 6.4 cm in length and is made of combination of filigreed <material>gold</material>
       surrounding a polished teardrop shaped piece of transparent <material>quartz</material>. Underneath the rock crystal
       is a cloisonné enamel image of a man with ecclesiastical symbols. The sides of the jewel holding the crystal in
       place contain an openwork inscription saying "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN", meaning 'Alfred ordered me made'. </p>
  </physDesc>
  <history>
   <origin>It is generally accepted that the Alfred Jewel dates from the <origDate>late 9th Century</origDate> and was
       most likely made in <origPlace>England</origPlace>. </origin>
   <provenance when="1693">The jewel was discovered in 1693 at Petherton Park, North Petherton in the English county of
       Somerset, on land owned by Sir Thomas Wroth. North Petherton is about 8 miles away from Athelney, where King Alfred
       founded a monastery. </provenance>
   <provenance when="1698">A description of the Alfred Jewel was first published in 1698, in the Philosophical
       Transactions of the Royal Society.</provenance>
   <acquisition> It was bequeathed to Oxford University by Colonel Nathaniel Palmer (c. 1661-1718) and today is in the
       Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. </acquisition>
  </history>
 </object>
</listObject>