P5: Recommandations pour l'encodage et l'échange de textes électroniques

<place xml:id="Rome">
 <placeName>Rome</placeName>
 <location>
  <geo>41.891775, 12.486137</geo>
 </location>
 <idno type="Pleiades">423025</idno>
 <note>capital of the Roman Empire</note>
</place>

<place xml:id="LYON1" type="city">
 <placeName notBefore="1400">Lyon</placeName>
 <placeName notAfter="0056">Lugdunum</placeName>
 <location>
  <geo>45.769559 4.834843</geo>
 </location>
</place>

<location>
 <geo>53.226658 -0.541254</geo>
 <bibl>
  <title>Roman Inscriptions of Britain</title>, <idno>262</idno>
 </bibl>
</location>

<place xml:id="pl-c-H" type="county">
 <placeName>Herefordshire</placeName>
 <listPlace type="villages">
  <place xml:id="pl-v-AD">
   <placeName>Abbey Dore</placeName>
   <location>
    <geo>51.969604 -2.893146</geo>
   </location>
  </place>
  <place xml:id="pl-v-AB">
   <placeName>Acton Beauchamp</placeName>
  </place>
<!-- ... -->
 </listPlace>
 <listPlace type="towns">
  <place xml:id="pl-t-H">
   <placeName>Hereford</placeName>
  </place>
  <place xml:id="pl-t-L">
   <placeName>Leominster</placeName>
  </place>
<!-- ... -->
 </listPlace>
</place>

<place xml:id="IS">
 <placeName xml:lang="en">Iceland</placeName>
 <placeName xml:lang="is">Ísland</placeName>
 <location>
  <geo>65.00 -18.00</geo>
 </location>
 <terrain>
  <desc>Area: 103,000 sq km</desc>
 </terrain>
 <state type="governance" notBefore="1944">
  <p>Constitutional republic</p>
 </state>
 <state type="governance" notAfter="1944">
  <p>Part of the kingdom of <placeName key="DK">Denmark</placeName>
  </p>
 </state>
 <event type="governance" when="1944-06-17">
  <desc>Iceland became independent on 17 June 1944.</desc>
 </event>
 <state type="governance" from="1944-06-17">
  <p>An independent republic since June 1944</p>
 </state>
</place>

<geoDecl xml:id="WGS" datum="WGS84">World Geodetic System</geoDecl>
<geoDecl xml:id="OS" datum="OSGB36">Ordnance Survey</geoDecl>
<!-- ... -->
<location>
 <desc>A tombstone plus six lines of
   Anglo-Saxon text, built into the west tower (on the south side
   of the archway, at 8 ft. above the ground) of the
   Church of St. Mary-le-Wigford in Lincoln.</desc>
 <geo decls="#WGS">53.226658 -0.541254</geo>
 <geo decls="#OS">SK 97481 70947</geo>
</location>

<geo>41.687142 -74.870109</geo>

<geo decls="#BYDEGREES">W 8°37'--W 6°00'/N 34°00'--N 31°57'</geo>

<place>
 <placeName>Abbey Dore</placeName>
 <location>
  <geo>51.969604 -2.893146</geo>
 </location>
</place>

<objectIdentifier>
 <objectName xml:lang="en">Mask of Tutankhamun</objectName>
 <idno type="carter">256a</idno>
 <idno type="JournalD'Entrée">60672</idno>
 <idno type="exhibition">220</idno>
 <institution>Museum of Egyptian Antiquities</institution>
 <address>
  <street>15 Meret Basha</street>
  <district>Ismailia</district>
  <settlement>Cairo</settlement>
  <country>Egypt</country>
  <location>
   <geo>30.047778, 31.233333</geo>
  </location>
 </address>
</objectIdentifier>

<listObject>
 <object xml:id="TutankhamunMask">
  <objectIdentifier>
   <objectName xml:lang="en">Mask of Tutankhamun</objectName>
   <idno type="carter">256a</idno>
   <idno type="JournalD'Entrée">60672</idno>
   <idno type="exhibition">220</idno>
   <institution>Museum of Egyptian Antiquities</institution>
   <address>
    <street>15 Meret Basha</street>
    <district>Ismailia</district>
    <settlement>Cairo</settlement>
    <country>Egypt</country>
    <location>
     <geo>30.047778, 31.233333</geo>
    </location>
   </address>
  </objectIdentifier>
  <msContents>
   <p>The back and shoulders of the mask is inscribed with a protective spell in Egyptian hieroglyphs formed of ten
       vertical and horizontal lines. This spell first appeared on masks in the Middle Kingdom at least 500 years
       before Tutankhamun, and comes from chapter 151 of the <title>Book of the Dead</title>.</p>
  </msContents>
  <physDesc>
   <p>The mask of Tutankhamun is 54cm x 39.3cm x 49cm. It is constructed from two layers of high-karat gold that
       varies in thickness from 1.5-3mm. It weighs approximately 10.23kg and x-ray crystallography shows that it is
       composed of two alloys of gold with a lighter 18.4 karat shade being used for the face and neck while a heavier
       22.5 karat gold was used for the rest of the mask.</p>
   <p>In the mask Tutankhamun wears a nemes headcloth which has the royal insignia of a cobra (Wadjet) and vulture
       (Nekhbet) on it. These are thought respectively to symbolise Tutankhamun's rule of both Lower Egypt and Upper
       Egypt. His ears are pierced for earrings. The mask has rich inlays of coloured glass and gemstones, including
       lapis lazuli surrounding the eye and eyebrows, quartz for the eyes, obsidian for the pupils. The broad collar is
       made up of carnelian, feldspar, turquoise, amazonite, faience and other stones.</p>
  </physDesc>
  <history>
   <origin>
    <p>The mask of Tutankhamun was created in <origPlace>Egypt</origPlace> around <origDate when="-1323" type="circa">1323 BC</origDate>. It is a death mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun
         who reigned 1332–1323 BC.</p>
   </origin>
   <provenance>
    <p>The mask of Tutankhamun was found in his burial chamber at Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in
         1922. On 28 October 1925 the excavation team led by English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the heavy
         sarcophagus and three coffins and were the first people in around 3,250 years to see the mask of Tutankhamun.
         Carter wrote in his diary: <quote> The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed –
           a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing
           Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and
           beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly
           back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens. </quote>
    </p>
   </provenance>
   <acquisition> In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported 635
       kilometres (395 mi) to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display. </acquisition>
  </history>
  <additional>
   <adminInfo>
    <custodialHist>
     <custEvent when="1944">When it was discovered in 1925, the 2.5kg narrow gold beard was no longer attached to
           the mask and was reattached to the chin by use of a wooden dowel in 1944.</custEvent>
     <custEvent when="2014-08"> In August 2014 when the mask was removed from its display case for cleaning, the
           beard fell off again. Those working in the museum unadvisedly used a quick-drying epoxy to attempt to fix
           it, but left the beard off-centre. </custEvent>
     <custEvent when="2015-01">The damage was noticed and repaired in January 2015 by a German-Egyptian team who
           used beeswax, a material known to be used as adhesives by the ancient Egyptians.</custEvent>
    </custodialHist>
   </adminInfo>
  </additional>
 </object>
</listObject>

<listObject>
 <object xml:id="MaskOfTutankhamun">
  <objectIdentifier>
   <objectName xml:lang="en">Mask of Tutankhamun</objectName>
   <idno type="carter">256a</idno>
   <idno type="JournalD'Entrée">60672</idno>
   <idno type="exhibition">220</idno>
   <institution>Museum of Egyptian Antiquities</institution>
   <address>
    <street>15 Meret Basha</street>
    <district>Ismailia</district>
    <settlement>Cairo</settlement>
    <country>Egypt</country>
    <location>
     <geo>30.047778, 31.233333</geo>
    </location>
   </address>
  </objectIdentifier>
  <msContents>
   <p>The back and shoulders of the mask is inscribed with a protective spell in Egyptian hieroglyphs formed of ten
       vertical and horizontal lines. This spell first appeared on masks in the Middle Kingdom at least 500 years
       before Tutankhamun, and comes from chapter 151 of the <title>Book of the Dead</title>.</p>
  </msContents>
  <physDesc>
   <p> The mask of Tutankhamun is 54cm x 39.3cm x 49cm. It is constructed from two layers of high-karat gold that
       varies in thickness from 1.5-3mm. It weighs approximately 10.23kg and x-ray crystallography shows that it is
       composed of two alloys of gold with a lighter 18.4 karat shade being used for the face and neck while a heavier
       22.5 karat gold was used for the rest of the mask.</p>
   <p>In the mask Tutankhamun wears a nemes headcloth which has the royal insignia of a cobra (Wadjet) and vulture
       (Nekhbet) on it. These are thought respectively to symbolise Tutankhamun's rule of both Lower Egypt and Upper
       Egypt. His ears are pierced for earrings. The mask has rich inlays of coloured glass and gemstones, including
       lapis lazuli surrounding the eye and eyebrows, quartz for the eyes, obsidian for the pupils. The broad collar is
       made up of carnelian, feldspar, turquoise, amazonite, faience and other stones.</p>
  </physDesc>
  <history>
   <origin>
    <p>The mask of Tutankhamun was created in <origPlace>Egypt</origPlace> around <origDate when="-1323" type="circa">1323 BC</origDate>. It is a death mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun
         who reigned 1332–1323 BC. </p>
   </origin>
   <provenance>
    <p>The mask of Tutankhamun was found in his burial chamber at Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in
         1922. On 28 October 1925 the excavation team led by English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the heavy
         sarcophagus and three coffins and were the first people in around 3,250 years to see the mask of Tutankhamun.
         Carter wrote in his diary: <quote> The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed –
           a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing
           Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and
           beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly
           back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens. </quote>
    </p>
   </provenance>
   <acquisition> In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported 635
       kilometres (395 mi) to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display. </acquisition>
  </history>
  <additional>
   <adminInfo>
    <custodialHist>
     <custEvent when="1944">When it was discovered in 1925, the 2.5kg narrow gold beard was no longer attached to
           the mask and was reattached to the chin by use of a wooden dowel in 1944.</custEvent>
     <custEvent when="2014-08"> In August 2014 when the mask was removed from its display case for cleaning, the
           beard fell off again. Those working in the museum unadvisedly used a quick-drying epoxy to attempt to fix
           it, but left the beard off-centre. </custEvent>
     <custEvent when="2015-01">The damage was noticed and repaired in January 2015 by a German-Egyptian team who
           used beeswax, a material known to be used as adhesives by the ancient Egyptians.</custEvent>
    </custodialHist>
   </adminInfo>
  </additional>
 </object>
</listObject>