TEI: TEI指引

TEI: The TEI Header and Its Components⚓︎2.1.1 The TEI Header and Its Components

The teiHeader element should be clearly distinguished from the front matter of the text itself (for which see section 4.5 Front Matter). A composite text, such as a corpus or collection, may contain several headers, as further discussed below. In the general case, however, a TEI-conformant text will contain a single teiHeader element, followed by a single text or facsimile element, or both.

The header element has the following description:

• teiHeader (TEI標頭) 在所有符合TEI標準的文本起始的電子題名頁當中提供敘述性以及宣告性的資訊。

As discussed above, the teiHeader element has five principal components:

• fileDesc (檔案描述) 包含對電子檔案的完整書目敘述。
• encodingDesc (編碼描述) 記錄電子文件和其ㄧ個或多個文件來源之間的關係。
• profileDesc (文件背景描述) 提供文件非書目性方面的細節描述，特別是所使用的語言及次要語言、在何種情況下製作、參與人員及其環境背景。
• xenoData (non-TEI metadata) provides a container element into which metadata in non-TEI formats may be placed.
• revisionDesc (修訂描述) 概述檔案的修訂歷史。

TEI: Types of Content in the TEI Header⚓︎2.1.2 Types of Content in the TEI Header

The elements occurring within the TEI header may contain several types of content; the following list indicates how these types of content are described in the following sections:

free prose

Most elements contain simple running prose at some level. Many elements may contain either prose (possibly organized into paragraphs) or more specific elements, which themselves contain prose. In this chapter's descriptions of element content, the phrase prose description should be understood to imply a series of paragraphs, each marked as a p element. The word phrase, by contrast, should be understood to imply character data, interspersed as need be with phrase-level elements, but not organized into paragraphs. For more information on paragraphs, highlighted phrases, lists, etc., see section 3.1 Paragraphs.

grouping elements

Elements whose names end with the suffix Stmt (e.g. editionStmt, titleStmt) and the xenoData element enclose a group of specialized elements recording some structured information. In the case of the bibliographic elements, the suffix Stmt is used in names of elements corresponding to the ‘areas’ of the International Standard Bibliographic Description.⁵ In the case of the xenoData element, the specialized elements are not TEI elements, but rather come from some other metadata scheme. In most cases grouping elements may contain prose descriptions as an alternative to the set of specialized elements, thus allowing the encoder to choose whether or not the information concerned should be presented in a structured form or in prose.

declarations

Elements whose names end with the suffix Decl (e.g. tagsDecl, refsDecl) enclose information about specific encoding practices applied in the electronic text; often these practices are described in coded form. Typically, such information takes the form of a series of declarations, identifying a code with some more complex structure or description. A declaration which applies to more than one text or division of a text need not be repeated in the header of each such text or subdivision. Instead, the decls attribute of each text (or subdivision of the text) to which the declaration applies may be used to supply a cross-reference to it, as further described in section 16.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text.

descriptions

Elements whose names end with the suffix Desc (e.g. settingDesc, projectDesc) contain a prose description, possibly, but not necessarily, organized under some specific headings by suggested sub-elements.

TEI: The Title Statement⚓︎2.2.1 The Title Statement

The titleStmt element is the first component of the fileDesc element, and is mandatory:

• titleStmt (題名陳述) 匯集關於作品標題與作品智慧內容責任歸屬的資訊。

It contains the title given to the electronic work, together with one or more optional statements of responsibility which identify the encoder, editor, author, compiler, or other parties responsible for it:

• title (title) 包含任何種類作品的完整題名 。
• author (author) 在書目參照中，包含一件作品的作者 (群) 姓名，無論是個人或是團體性質；這也是書目項目責任歸屬的主要陳述。
• editor 書目項目的次要責任歸屬，例如扮演編輯、編譯、翻譯等角色的個人、機構或組織 (或其他類似者) 的名稱。
• sponsor (sponsor) 標明贊助的組織或機構名稱。
• funder (資助者) 標明負責資助一項計畫或文件製作的個人、機構或組織名稱。
• principal (主導研究者) 提供負責電子文件製作的主導研究者的姓名。
• respStmt (責任陳述) 當未使用作者、編輯者等特定元素，或元素內容不足時，在此補充說明文件、版本、記錄、或是叢書的智慧內容所屬負責人的責任陳述。
• resp 包含一個詞彙，來描述個人智慧責任的類型。
• name (名稱，特定名稱) 包含一個特定名稱 或名詞詞組。

The title element contains the chief name of the electronic work, including any alternative title or subtitles it may have. It may be repeated, if the work has more than one title (perhaps in different languages) and takes whatever form is considered appropriate by its creator. Where the electronic work is derived from an existing source text, it is strongly recommended that the title for the former should be derived from the latter, but clearly distinguishable from it, for example by the addition of a phrase such as ‘: an electronic transcription’ or ‘a digital edition’. This will distinguish the electronic work from the source text in citations and in catalogues which contain descriptions of both types of material.

The electronic work will also have an external name (its ‘filename’ or ‘data set name’) or reference number on the computer system where it resides at any time. This name is likely to change frequently, as new copies of the file are made on the computer system. Its form is entirely dependent on the particular computer system in use and thus cannot always easily be transferred from one system to another. Moreover, a given work may be composed of many files. For these reasons, these Guidelines strongly recommend that such names should not be used as the title for any electronic work.

Helpful guidance on the formulation of useful descriptive titles in difficult cases may be found in chapter 25 of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (2002–2005)) or another national cataloguing code.

The elements author, editor, sponsor, funder, and principal, are specializations of the more general respStmt element. These elements are used to provide the statements of responsibility which identify the person(s) responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of an item and any corporate bodies from which it emanates.

Any number of such statements may occur within the title statement. At a minimum, identify the author of the text and (where appropriate) the creator of the file. If the bibliographic description is for a corpus, identify the creator of the corpus. Optionally include also names of others involved in the transcription or elaboration of the text, sponsors, and funding agencies. The name of the person responsible for physical data input need not normally be recorded, unless that person is also intellectually responsible for some aspect of the creation of the file.

Where the person whose responsibility is to be documented is not an author, sponsor, funding body, or principal researcher, the respStmt element should be used. This has two subcomponents: a name element identifying a responsible individual or organization, and a resp element indicating the nature of the responsibility. No specific recommendations are made at this time as to appropriate content for the resp: it should make clear the nature of the responsibility concerned, as in the examples below.

Names given may be personal names or corporate names. Give all names in the form in which the persons or bodies wish to be publicly cited. This would usually be the fullest form of the name, including first names.⁶

TEI: The Edition Statement⚓︎2.2.2 The Edition Statement

The editionStmt element is the second component of the fileDesc element. It is optional but recommended.

• editionStmt (版本陳述) 匯集文件某一版本的相關資訊。

It contains either phrases or more specialized elements identifying the edition and those responsible for it:

• edition (版本) 描述文件某一版本的特質。
• respStmt (責任陳述) 當未使用作者、編輯者等特定元素，或元素內容不足時，在此補充說明文件、版本、記錄、或是叢書的智慧內容所屬負責人的責任陳述。
• name (名稱，特定名稱) 包含一個特定名稱 或名詞詞組。
• resp 包含一個詞彙，來描述個人智慧責任的類型。

For printed texts, the word edition applies to the set of all the identical copies of an item produced from one master copy and issued by a particular publishing agency or a group of such agencies. A change in the identity of the distributing body or bodies does not normally constitute a change of edition, while a change in the master copy does.

For electronic texts, the notion of a ‘master copy’ is not entirely appropriate, since they are far more easily copied and modified than printed ones; nonetheless the term edition may be used for a particular state of a machine-readable text at which substantive changes are made and fixed. Synonymous terms used in these Guidelines are version, level, and release. The words revision and update, by contrast, are used for minor changes to a file which do not amount to a new edition.

No simple rule can specify how ‘substantive’ changes have to be before they are regarded as producing a new edition, rather than a simple update. The general principle proposed here is that the production of a new edition entails a significant change in the intellectual content of the file, rather than its encoding or appearance. The addition of analytic coding to a text would thus constitute a new edition, while automatic conversion from one coded representation to another would not. Changes relating to the character code or physical storage details, corrections of misspellings, simple changes in the arrangement of the contents and changes in the output format do not normally constitute a new edition, whereas the addition of new information (e.g. a linguistic analysis expressed in part-of-speech tagging, sound or graphics, referential links to external data sets) almost always does.

Clearly, there will always be borderline cases and the matter is somewhat arbitrary. The simplest rule is: if you think that your file is a new edition, then call it such. An edition statement is optional for the first release of a computer file; it is mandatory for each later release, though this requirement cannot be enforced by the parser.

Note that all changes in a file considered significant, whether or not they are regarded as constituting a new edition or simply a new revision, should be independently noted in the revision description section of the file header (see section 2.6 The Revision Description).

The edition element should contain phrases describing the edition or version, including the word edition, version, or equivalent, together with a number or date, or terms indicating difference from other editions such as new edition, revised edition etc. Any dates that occur within the edition statement should be marked with the date element. The n attribute of the edition element may be used as elsewhere to supply any formal identification (such as a version number) for the edition.

One or more respStmt elements may also be used to supply statements of responsibility for the edition in question. These may refer to individuals or corporate bodies and can indicate functions such as that of a reviser, or can name the person or body responsible for the provision of supplementary matter, of appendices, etc., in a new edition. For further detail on the respStmt element, see section 3.12 Bibliographic Citations and References.

TEI: Type and Extent of File⚓︎2.2.3 Type and Extent of File

The extent element is the third component of the fileDesc element. It is optional.

• extent (extent) 描述電子文件儲存在某一承載媒介時的約略大小，標以任何適用的單位。

For printed books, information about the carrier, such as the kind of medium used and its size, are of great importance in cataloguing procedures. The print-oriented rules for bibliographic description of an item's medium and extent need some re-interpretation when applied to electronic media. An electronic file exists as a distinct entity quite independently of its carrier and remains the same intellectual object whether it is stored on a magnetic tape, a CD-ROM, a set of floppy disks, or as a file on a mainframe computer. Since, moreover, these Guidelines are specifically aimed at facilitating transparent document storage and interchange, any purely machine-dependent information should be irrelevant as far as the file header is concerned.

This is particularly true of information about file-type although library-oriented rules for cataloguing often distinguish two types of computer file: ‘data’ and ‘programs’. This distinction is quite difficult to draw in some cases, for example, hypermedia or texts with built in search and retrieval software.

Although it is equally system-dependent, some measure of the size of the computer file may be of use for cataloguing and other practical purposes. Because the measurement and expression of file size is fraught with difficulties, only very general recommendations are possible; the element extent is provided for this purpose. It contains a phrase indicating the size or approximate size of the computer file in one of the following ways:

• in bytes of a specified length (e.g. ‘4000 16-bit bytes’)
• as falling within a range of categories, for example:
  • less than 1 Mb
  • between 1 Mb and 5 Mb
  • between 6 Mb and 10 Mb
  • over 10 Mb
• in terms of any convenient logical units (for example, words or sentences, citations, paragraphs)
• in terms of any convenient physical units (for example, blocks, disks, tapes)

The use of standard abbreviations for units of quantity is recommended where applicable, here as elsewhere (see http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html).

TEI: Publication, Distribution, Licensing, etc.⚓︎2.2.4 Publication, Distribution, Licensing, etc.

The publicationStmt element is the fourth component of the fileDesc element and is mandatory. Its function is to name the agency by which a resource is made available (for example, a publisher or distributor) and to supply any additional information about the way in which it is made available such as licensing conditions, identifying numbers, etc.

• publicationStmt (出版陳述) 匯集電子文件或其他類型文件的出版或發行相關資訊。

It may contain either a simple prose description organized as one or more paragraphs, or the more specialised elements described below.

A structured publication statement must begin with one of the following elements:

• publisher (publisher) 提供負責出版或發行書目項目的機構名稱。
• distributor (distributor) 提供負責發行文件的個人或其他經銷商的名稱。
• authority (供應機構) 說明除了出版者或發行者之外，負責提供電子檔案的個人或其他經銷商的名稱。

These elements form the model.publicationStmtPart.agency class; if the agency making the resource available is unknown, but other structured information about it is available, an explicit statement such as ‘publisher unknown’ should be used.

The publisher is the person or institution by whose authority a given edition of the file is made public. The distributor is the person or institution from whom copies of the text may be obtained. Where a text is not considered formally published, but is nevertheless made available for circulation by some individual or organization, this person or institution is termed the release authority.

Whichever of these elements is chosen, it may be followed by one or more of the following elements, which together form the model.publicationStmtPart.detail class

• pubPlace 包含書目項目的出版地名稱。
• address (address) 包含出版者、機構、或是個人的郵寄地址或其他地址。
• idno (識別代碼) 提供任何用來識別書目項目的標準或非標準編碼。

  type	表明編碼的種類，例如國際標準書號 (ISBN) 或其他標準系列編碼。 被推薦的值包含: 1] ISBN; 2] ISSN; 3] DOI; 4] URI; 5] VIAF; 6] ESTC; 7] OCLC

• availability (availability) 提供關於文件可利用性的資訊，例如使用或發行上的任何限制、版權狀態等。

  status

  (status) 提供一個代號，用來確認文件目前的可利用性。

• date (date) 包含任何格式的日期表示。
• licence contains information about a licence or other legal agreement applicable to the text.

A resource may have (for example) both a publisher and a distributor, or more than one publisher each using different identifiers for the same resource, and so on. For this reason, the sequence of at least one model.publicationStmtPart.agency element followed by zero or more model.publicationStmtPart.detail elements may be repeated as often as necessary.

The date element used within publicationStmt always refers to the date of publication, first distribution, or initial release. If the text was created at some other date, this may be recorded using the creation element within the profileDesc element. Other useful dates (such as dates of collection of data) may be given using a note in the notesStmt element.

TEI: The Series Statement⚓︎2.2.5 The Series Statement

The seriesStmt element is the fifth component of the fileDesc element and is optional.

• seriesStmt (集叢陳述) 若出版品隸屬於某叢書，則在此匯集該叢書的相關資訊。

In bibliographic parlance, a series may be defined in one of the following ways:

• A group of separate items related to one another by the fact that each item bears, in addition to its own title proper, a collective title applying to the group as a whole. The individual items may or may not be numbered.
• Each of two or more volumes of essays, lectures, articles, or other items, similar in character and issued in sequence.
• A separately numbered sequence of volumes within a series or serial.

A seriesStmt element may contain a prose description or one or more of the following more specific elements:

• title (title) 包含任何種類作品的完整題名 。
• idno (識別代碼) 提供任何用來識別書目項目的標準或非標準編碼。
• respStmt (責任陳述) 當未使用作者、編輯者等特定元素，或元素內容不足時，在此補充說明文件、版本、記錄、或是叢書的智慧內容所屬負責人的責任陳述。
• resp 包含一個詞彙，來描述個人智慧責任的類型。
• name (名稱，特定名稱) 包含一個特定名稱 或名詞詞組。

The idno may be used to supply any identifying number associated with the item, including both standard numbers such as an ISSN and particular issue numbers. (Arabic numerals separated by punctuation are recommended for this purpose: 6.19.33, for example, rather than VI/xix:33). Its type attribute is used to categorize the number further, taking the value ISSN for an ISSN for example. Multiple seriesStmt elements may be supplied if the TEI document is associated with more than one series.

TEI: The Notes Statement⚓︎2.2.6 The Notes Statement

The notesStmt element is the sixth component of the fileDesc element and is optional. If used, it contains one or more note elements, each containing a single piece of descriptive information of the kind treated as ‘general notes’ in traditional bibliographic descriptions.

• notesStmt (附註陳述) 收集其他部分的書目描述中所未記載的任何文件相關附註。
• note (note) 包含附註或註釋。

Some information found in the notes area in conventional bibliography has been assigned specific elements in these Guidelines; in particular the following items should be tagged as indicated, rather than as general notes:

• the nature, scope, artistic form, or purpose of the file; also the genre or other intellectual category to which it may belong: e.g. ‘Text types: newspaper editorials and reportage, science fiction, westerns, and detective stories’. These should be formally described within the profileDesc element (section 2.4 The Profile Description).
• an abstract or summary of the content of a document which has been supplied by the encoder because no such abstract forms part of the content of the source. This should be supplied in the abstract element within the profileDesc element (section 2.4 The Profile Description).
• summary description providing a factual, non-evaluative account of the subject content of the file: e.g. ‘Transcribes interviews on general topics with native speakers of English in 17 cities during the spring and summer of 1963.’ These should also be formally described within the profileDesc element (section 2.4 The Profile Description).
• bibliographic details relating to the source or sources of an electronic text: e.g. ‘Transcribed from the Norton facsimile of the 1623 Folio’. These should be formally described in the sourceDesc element (section 2.2.7 The Source Description).
• further information relating to publication, distribution, or release of the text, including sources from which the text may be obtained, any restrictions on its use or formal terms on its availability. These should be placed in the appropriate division of the publicationStmt element (section 2.2.4 Publication, Distribution, Licensing, etc.).
• publicly documented numbers associated with the file: e.g. ‘ICPSR study number 1803’ or ‘Oxford Text Archive text number 1243’. These should be placed in an idno element within the appropriate division of the publicationStmt element. International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSN), International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN), and other internationally agreed upon standard numbers that uniquely identify an item, should be treated in the same way, rather than as specialized bibliographic notes.

Nevertheless, the notesStmt element may be used to record potentially significant details about the file and its features, e.g.:

• dates, when they are relevant to the content or condition of the computer file: e.g. ‘manual dated 1983’, ‘Interview wave I: Apr. 1989; wave II: Jan. 1990’
• names of persons or bodies connected with the technical production, administration, or consulting functions of the effort which produced the file, if these are not named in statements of responsibility in the title or edition statements of the file description: e.g. ‘Historical commentary provided by Mark Cohen’
• availability of the file in an additional medium or information not already recorded about the availability of documentation: e.g. ‘User manual is loose-leaf in eleven paginated sections’
• language of work and abstract, if not encoded in the langUsage element, e.g. ‘Text in English with summaries in French and German’
• The unique name assigned to a serial by the International Serials Data System (ISDS), if not encoded in an idno
• lists of related publications, either describing the source itself, or concerned with the creation or use of the electronic work, e.g. ‘Texts used in Burrows (1987)’

TEI: The Source Description⚓︎2.2.7 The Source Description

The sourceDesc element is the seventh and final component of the fileDesc element. It is a mandatory element and is used to record details of the source or sources from which a computer file is derived. This might be a printed text or manuscript, another computer file, an audio or video recording of some kind, or a combination of these. An electronic file may also have no source, if what is being catalogued is an original text created in electronic form.

• sourceDesc 提供所製電子文件的一個或數個來源文件的書目描述。

Alternatively, it may contain elements drawn from the following three classes:

• model.biblLike 匯集包含書目描述的元素。

  bibl	(書目資料) 包含結構零散的書目資料，其中次要元件不一定會明確標記。
  biblFull	包含結構完整的書目資料，其中呈現出TEI檔案描述內的所有元件。
  biblStruct	(結構次要書目) 包含僅出現子節點的結構書目資料，並以特定順序呈現。
  listBibl	(書目列表) 包含任何種類的書目資料列表。
  msDesc	包含單一份可識別手稿的描述。

• model.sourceDescPart 匯集可在sourceDesc中使用並且可多次出現的元素

  recordingStmt	(影音陳述) 當所轉錄的口說文本來源為影音檔案時，在此描述影音錄製的相關資訊。
  scriptStmt	(腳本陳述) 包含口說文本的來源腳本相關細節。

• model.listLike 匯集所有類似列表的元素

  list	(list) 包含以列表方式呈現的任何連續項目。
  listApp	(list of apparatus entries) contains a list of apparatus entries.
  listEvent	(list of events) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable event.
  listNym	(list of canonical names) 包含一正式名稱列表，即任何事物的標準名稱。
  listObject	(list of objects) contains a list of descriptions, each of which provides information about an identifiable physical object.
  listOrg	(list of organizations) contains a list of elements, each of which provides information about an identifiable organization.
  listPerson	(list of persons) 人物描述清單，其中每個項目包含一個已知人物的相關資料，例如語言互動中的參與者、或是歷史來源中提及的人物。
  listPlace	(list of places) contains a list of places, optionally followed by a list of relationships (other than containment) defined amongst them.
  listRelation	描述一項語言互動中參與者之間的關係或社交關聯。
  listWit	(witness list) lists definitions for all the witnesses referred to by a critical apparatus, optionally grouped hierarchically.
  table	(table) 以表格形式呈現、包含在直行橫列中的文字內容。

When the header describes a text derived from some pre-existing TEI-conformant or other digital document, it may be simpler to use the following element, which is designed specifically for documents derived from texts which were ‘born digital’:

• biblFull 包含結構完整的書目資料，其中呈現出TEI檔案描述內的所有元件。

For further discussion see section 2.2.8 TEI documents derived from other TEI documents.

When the module for manuscript description is included in a schema, this class also makes available the following element:

• msDesc 包含單一份可識別手稿的描述。

This element enables the encoder to record very detailed information about one or more manuscript or analogous sources, as further discussed in 11 Manuscript Description.

The model.sourceDescPart class also makes available additional elements when additional modules are included. For example, when the spoken module is included, the sourceDesc element may also include the following special-purpose elements, intended for cases where an electronic text is derived from a spoken text rather than a written one:

• scriptStmt (腳本陳述) 包含口說文本的來源腳本相關細節。
• recordingStmt (影音陳述) 當所轉錄的口說文本來源為影音檔案時，在此描述影音錄製的相關資訊。

Full descriptions of these elements and their contents are given in section 8.2 Documenting the Source of Transcribed Speech.

A single electronic text may be derived from multiple source documents, in whole or in part. The sourceDesc may therefore contain a listBibl element grouping together bibl, biblStruct, or msDesc elements for each of the sources concerned. It is also possible to repeat the sourceDesc element in such a case. The decls attribute described in section 16.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text may be used to associate parts of the encoded text with the bibliographic element from which it derives in either case.

The source description may also include lists of names, persons, places, etc. when these are considered to form part of the source for an encoded document. When such information is recorded using the specialized elements discussed in the namesdates module (14 Names, Dates, People, and Places), the class model.listLike makes available the following elements to hold such information:

• listNym (list of canonical names) 包含一正式名稱列表，即任何事物的標準名稱。
• listOrg (list of organizations) contains a list of elements, each of which provides information about an identifiable organization.
• listPerson (list of persons) 人物描述清單，其中每個項目包含一個已知人物的相關資料，例如語言互動中的參與者、或是歷史來源中提及的人物。
• listPlace (list of places) contains a list of places, optionally followed by a list of relationships (other than containment) defined amongst them.

TEI: TEI documents derived from other TEI documents⚓︎2.2.8 TEI documents derived from other TEI documents

When a TEI document (call it B) is derived not from a printed source but from another TEI file (call it A), then the five sections of A's file header will need to be incorporated into the new header for B as indicated below:

fileDesc

A's file description should be copied into the sourceDesc section of B's file description, enclosed within a biblFull element

profileDesc

A's profileDesc should be copied into B's, in principle unchanged; it may however be expanded by project-specific information relating to B.

encodingDesc

A's encoding practice may or (more likely) may not be the same as B's. Since the object of the encoding description is to define the relationship between the current file and its source, in principle only changes in encoding practice between A and B need be documented in B. The relationship between A and its source(s) is then only recoverable from the original header of A. In practice it may be more convenient to create a new complete encodingDesc for B based on A's.

xenoData

B is a new computer file, with a different source than A's source (namely, A). Thus it is unlikely that metadata from other schemes about A or its source can be copied wholesale to B, although there may be similarities.

revisionDesc

B is a new computer file, and should therefore have a new revision description. If, however, it is felt useful to include some information from A's revisionDesc, for example dates of major updates or versions, such information must be clearly marked as relating to A rather than to B.

This concludes the discussion of the fileDesc element and its contents.

TEI: The Project Description⚓︎2.3.1 The Project Description

The projectDesc element may be used to describe, in prose, the purpose for which a digital resource was created, together with any other relevant information concerning the process by which it was assembled or collected. This is of particular importance for corpora or miscellaneous collections, but may be of use for any text, for example to explain why one kind of encoding practice has been followed rather than another.

• projectDesc (計畫描述) 詳述將電子檔案編碼的目標或目的，以及其他關於檔案匯集或收集程序的任何資訊。

TEI: The Sampling Declaration⚓︎2.3.2 The Sampling Declaration

A sampling declaration which applies to more than one text or division of a text need not be repeated in the header of each such text. Instead, the decls attribute of each text (or subdivision of the text) to which the sampling declaration applies may be used to supply a cross-reference to it, as further described in section 16.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text.

TEI: The Editorial Practices Declaration⚓︎2.3.3 The Editorial Practices Declaration

The editorialDecl element is used to provide details of the editorial practices applied during the encoding of a text.

• editorialDecl (編輯實行宣告) 提供文件編碼時使用的編輯原則與實行方法的細節。

It may contain a prose description only, or one or more of a set of specialized elements, members of the TEI model.editorialDeclPart class. Where an encoder wishes to record an editorial policy not specified above, this may be done by adding a new element to this class, using the mechanisms discussed in chapter 24.3 Customization.

Some of these policy elements carry attributes to support automated processing of certain well-defined editorial decisions; all of them contain a prose description of the editorial principles adopted with respect to the particular feature concerned. Examples of the kinds of questions which these descriptions are intended to answer are given in the list below.

correction

• correction (更正原則) 說明文本中的更正是在什麼情況下、如何產生的。

  status	指出文本更正的程度。
  method	說明標示更正所採取的方法。

Was the text corrected during or after data capture? If so, were corrections made silently or are they marked using the tags described in section 3.5 Simple Editorial Changes? What principles have been adopted with respect to omissions, truncations, dubious corrections, alternate readings, false starts, repetitions, etc.?

normalization

• normalization (normalization) 指出來源文件轉換成電子文本時規格化或標準化的程度。

  source [att.global.source]	specifies the source from which some aspect of this element is drawn.
  method	指出標示規格化所採取的方法。

Was the text normalized, for example by regularizing any non-standard spellings, dialect forms, etc.? If so, were normalizations performed silently or are they marked using the tags described in section 3.5 Simple Editorial Changes? What authority was used for the regularization? Also, what principles were used when normalizing numbers to provide the standard values for the value attribute described in section 3.6.3 Numbers and Measures and what format used for them?

punctuation

• punctuation specifies editorial practice adopted with respect to punctuation marks in the original.

  marks	indicates whether or not punctation marks have been retained as content within the text.
  placement	indicates the positioning of punctuation marks that are associated with marked up text as being encoded within the element surrounding the text or immediately before or after it.

Are punctuation marks present in the original source retained? Are they identified with the element pc, or implied by markup? If retained, how are they placed with respect to related elements? For example, do commas and periods appear inside or outside elements marking phrases and sentences?

quotation

• quotation (quotation) 說明在編輯上是如何處理來源文件中的引文符號。

  marks

  (quotation marks) 指出引文符號是否在文本中被保留為內容的一部份。

How were quotation marks processed? Are apostrophes and quotation marks distinguished? How? Are quotation marks retained as content in the text or replaced by markup? Are there any special conventions regarding for example the use of single or double quotation marks when nested? Is the file consistent in its practice or has this not been checked? See section 3.3.3 Quotation for discussion of ways in which quotation marks may be encoded.

hyphenation

• hyphenation (hyphenation) 概述來源文件裡的連字符號在電子化的版本中是如何被處理的。

  eol	(end-of-line) 指出行末連字符號是否在文本中被保留。

Does the encoding distinguish ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ hyphens? What principle has been adopted with respect to end-of-line hyphenation where source lineation has not been retained? Have soft hyphens been silently removed, and if so what is the effect on lineation and pagination? See section 3.2.2 Hyphenation for discussion of ways in which hyphenation may be encoded.

segmentation

• segmentation (segmentation) 描述文件分割的原理方法，例如分割成句子、音調單位、字形層次等。

How is the text segmented? If s or seg segmentation units have been used to divide up the text for analysis, how are they marked and how was the segmentation arrived at?

stdVals

• stdVals (標準值) 明確說明文本中標準化日期或數值所使用的格式。

In most cases, attributes bearing standardized values (such as the when or when-iso attribute on dates) should conform to a defined W3C or ISO datatype. In cases where this is not appropriate, this element may be used to describe the standardization methods underlying the values supplied.

interpretation

• interpretation (interpretation) 指出除了轉錄之外，文件中加入哪些分析性或詮釋性的資訊。

Has any analytic or ‘interpretive’ information been provided—that is, information which is felt to be non-obvious, or potentially contentious? If so, how was it generated? How was it encoded? If feature-structure analysis has been used, are fsdDecl elements (section 19.11 Feature System Declaration) present?

An editorial practices declaration which applies to more than one text or division of a text need not be repeated in the header of each such text. Instead, the decls attribute of each text (or subdivision of the text) to which it applies may be used to supply a cross-reference to it, as further described in section 16.3 Associating Contextual Information with a Text.

TEI: The Tagging Declaration⚓︎2.3.4 The Tagging Declaration

The tagsDecl element is used to record the following information about the tagging used within a particular document:

• the namespace to which elements appearing within the transcribed text belong.
• how often particular elements appear within the text, so that a recipient can validate the integrity of a text during interchange.
• any comment relating to the usage of particular elements not specified elsewhere in the header.
• a default rendition applicable to all instances of an element.

This information is conveyed by the following elements:

• rendition (rendition) 提供關於一個或多個元素預定呈現方式的資訊。

  selector

  contains a selector or series of selectors specifying the elements to which the contained style description applies, expressed in the language specified in the scheme attribute.

• att.styleDef provides attributes to specify the name of a formal definition language used to provide formatting or rendition information.

  scheme	identifies the language used to describe the rendition.
  schemeVersion	supplies a version number for the style language provided in scheme.

• namespace (namespace) 提供其子元素所描述的元素所屬的名稱空間之正式名稱。
• tagUsage (element usage) 提供文件中某個特定元素的使用資訊。

The tagsDecl element is descriptive, rather than prescriptive: if used, it simply documents practice in the TEI document containing it. The elements constituting a TEI customization file (discussed in chapter 23 Documentation Elements) by contrast document expected practice in a number of documents, and may thus be used prescriptively. If there is an inconsistency between the actual state of a document and what is documented by its tagsDecl, then the latter should be corrected. If there is an inconsistency between a document and what is required by the customization file, or a schema derived from it, then it will usually be the document that requires correction.

The tagsDecl element consists of an optional sequence of rendition elements, each of which must bear a unique identifier, followed by an optional sequence of one or more namespace elements, each of which contains a series of tagUsage elements, up to one for each element type from that namespace occurring within the associated text element. Note that these tagUsage elements must be nested within a namespace element, and cannot appear directly within the tagsDecl element.

• » 2.3.4.2 Tag Usage
• 首頁

TEI: Rendition⚓︎2.3.4.1 Rendition

The rendition element allows the encoder to specify how one or more elements are rendered in the original source in any of the following ways:

• using an informal prose description
• using a standard stylesheet language such as CSS or XSL-FO
• using a project-defined formal language

One or more such specifications may be associated with elements of a document in two ways:

• the selector attribute on any rendition element may be used to select a collection of elements to which it applies
• the global rendition attribute may be used on any element to indicate its rendition, overriding or complementing any supplied default value

The global rend and style attributes may also be used to describe the rendering of an element. See further 1.3.1.1.3 Rendition Indicators.

The content of a rendition element may describe the appearance of the source material using prose, a project-defined formal language, or any standard languages such as the Cascading Stylesheet Language (Bos et al. (eds.) (2011)) or the XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics which forms a part of the W3C's Extensible Stylesheet Language (Berglund (ed.) (2006)). A styleDefDecl element (2.3.5 The Default Style Definition Language Declaration) may be supplied within the encodingDesc to specify which of these applies by default, and it may be overridden for one or more specific rendition elements using the scheme attribute.

The recommended way to indicate a default rendition on one or more elements is to use the selector attribute together with the scheme attribute on rendition. For example, suppose that all paragraphs in the front of a text appear in a large font, with significant top and bottom margins, while paragraphs in the main body are in regular font size and have no top and bottom margins. The use of selector together with scheme provides an efficient way to specify the distinct styling for distinct contexts of the paragraph by means of CSS selectors:

<rendition scheme="css" selector="front p">
font-size: 110%;
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
</rendition>

⚓︎

<rendition scheme="css" selector="body p">
font-size: 100%;
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
</rendition>

⚓︎

In the following extended example we consider how to capture the appearance of a typical early 20th century titlepage, such as that in the following figure:

參考書目

Elements for the encoding of the information on a titlepage are presented in 4.6 Title Pages; here we consider how we might go about encoding some of the visual information as well, using the rendition element and its corresponding attributes.

First we define a rendition element for each aspect of the source page rendition that we wish to retain. Details of CSS are given in Bos et al. (eds.) (2011); we use it here simply to provide a vocabulary with which to describe such aspects as font size and style, letter and line spacing, colour, etc. Note that the purpose of this encoding is to describe the original, rather than specify how it should be reproduced, although the two are obviously closely linked.

<styleDefDecl scheme="css"
 schemeVersion="2.1"/>
<!-- ... -->
<tagsDecl>
 <rendition xml:id="center">text-align: center;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="small">font-size: small;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="large">font-size: large;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="x-large">font-size: x-large;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="xx-large">font-size: xx-large</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="expanded">letter-spacing: +3pt;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="x-space">line-height: 150%;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="xx-space">line-height: 200%;</rendition>
 <rendition xml:id="red">color: red;</rendition>
</tagsDecl>

⚓︎

The global rendition attribute can now be used to specify on any element which of the above rendition features apply to it. For example, a title page might be encoded as follows:

<titlePage>
 <docTitle rendition="#center #x-space">
  <titlePart>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#x-large">THE POEMS</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#small">OF</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#red #xx-large">ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#large #xx-space">IN SIX VOLUMES</hi>
  </titlePart>
  <titlePart rendition="#xx-space">
   <lb/> VOLUME I.
  <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#red #x-large">POEMS AND BALLADS</hi>
   <lb/>
   <hi rendition="#x-space">FIRST SERIES</hi>
  </titlePart>
 </docTitle>
 <docImprint rendition="#center">
  <lb/>
  <pubPlace rendition="#xx-space">LONDON</pubPlace>
  <lb/>
  <publisher rendition="#red #expanded">CHATTO &amp; WINDUS</publisher>
  <lb/>
  <docDate when="1904" rendition="#small">1904</docDate>
 </docImprint>
</titlePage>

參考書目 ⚓︎

When CSS is used as the style definition language, the scope attribute may be used to specify CSS pseudo-elements. These pseudo-elements are used to specify styling applicable to only a portion of the given text. For example, the first-letter pseudo-element defines styling to be applied to the first letter in the targeted element, while the before and after pseudo-elements can be used often in conjunction with the "content" property to add additional characters which need to be added before or after the element content to make it more closely resemble the appearance of the source.

For example, assuming that a text has been encoded using the q element to enclose passages in quotation marks, but the quotation marks themselves have been routinely omitted from the encoding, a set of renditions such as the following:

<rendition xml:id="quoteBefore"
 scheme="css" scope="before">content:
'“';</rendition>
<rendition xml:id="quoteAfter" scheme="css"
 scope="after">content:
'”';</rendition>

⚓︎

might be used to predefine pseudo-elements quoteBefore and quoteAfter. Where a q element is actually rendered in the source with initial and final quotation marks, it may then be encoded as follows:

<q rendition="#quoteBefore #quoteAfter">Four score and seven years
ago...</q>

⚓︎

TEI: The Reference System Declaration⚓︎2.3.6 The Reference System Declaration

The refsDecl element is used to document the way in which any standard referencing scheme built into the encoding works.

• refsDecl (參照宣告) 標明本文件與某一個權威參照標準的關係。

It may contain either a series of prose paragraphs or the following specialized elements:

• citeStructure (citation structure) declares a structure and method for citing the current document.
• cRefPattern (定義如何將標準參照轉換成統一資源識別符 (URI) 。) 標明將標準參照轉換成統一資源識別符的表示方法與取代模式。
• refState (分界狀態) 標明分界方法所定義的權威參照標準裡其中一個組件。
• att.patternReplacement provides attributes for regular-expression matching and replacement.

  matchPattern	specifies a regular expression against which the values of other attributes can be matched.
  replacementPattern	標明一個‘取代模式’，一旦進行次要模式的替換，會自動提供統一資源識別符 (URI) 。

• att.citeStructurePart provides attributes for selecting particular elements within a document.

  use	(use) supplies an XPath selection pattern using the syntax defined in Kay (ed.) (2017). The XPath pattern is relative to the context given in match, which will either be a sibling attribute in the case of <citeStructure> or on the parent <citeStructure> in the case of <citeData>.

Note that not all possible referencing schemes are equally easily supported by current software systems. A choice must be made between the convenience of the encoder and the likely efficiency of the particular software applications envisaged, in this context as in many others. For a more detailed discussion of referencing systems supported by these Guidelines, see section 3.11 Reference Systems below.

A referencing scheme may be described in one of four ways using this element:

• as a prose description
• as nested set of citation structure declarations
• as a series of pairs of regular expressions and XPaths
• as a concatenation of sequentially organized milestones

Each method is described in more detail below. Only one method can be used within a single refsDecl element.

More than one refsDecl element can be included in the header if more than one canonical reference scheme is to be used in the same document, but the current proposals do not check for mutual inconsistency.

TEI: The Classification Declaration⚓︎2.3.7 The Classification Declaration

TEI: The Geographic Coordinates Declaration⚓︎2.3.8 The Geographic Coordinates Declaration

The following element is provided to indicate (within the header of a document, or in an external location) that a particular coordinate notation, or a particular datum, has been employed in a text. The default notation is a string containing two real numbers separated by whitespace, of which the first indicates latitude and the second longitude according to the 1984 World Geodetic System (WGS84).

• geoDecl (geographic coordinates declaration) documents the notation and the datum used for geographic coordinates expressed as content of the geo element elsewhere within the document.

  datum

  supplies a commonly used code name for the datum employed. 被推薦的值包含: 1] WGS84 (World Geodetic System); 2] MGRS (Military Grid Reference System); 3] OSGB36 (ordnance survey great britain); 4] ED50 (European Datum coordinate system)

TEI: The Unit Declaration⚓︎2.3.9 The Unit Declaration

When documents feature units of measurement that are not listed in the International System of Units, the unitDecl element may be used in the encoding description to provide definitions and information about their origins and equivalents.

• unitDecl (unit declarations) provides information about units of measurement that are not members of the International System of Units.

The unitDecl contains one or more unitDef child elements that serve to describe units of measure which may be marked in unit elements within the text.

• unitDef (unit definition) contains descriptive information related to a specific unit of measurement.
• unit contains a symbol, a word or a phrase referring to a unit of measurement in any kind of formal or informal system.
• conversion defines how to calculate one unit of measure in terms of another.

  fromUnit	indicates a source unit of measure that is to be converted into another unit indicated in toUnit.
  toUnit	the target unit of measurement for a conversion from a source unit referenced in fromUnit.
  from [att.datable.w3c]	以標準格式表示該段時間的起始點。
  to [att.datable.w3c]	以標準格式表示該段時間的結束點。
  notBefore [att.datable.w3c]	以標準格式說明該事件可能發生的最早日期，例如年-月-日。
  notAfter [att.datable.w3c]	以標準形式標明該事件可能的最晚日期，例如年-月-日。
  when [att.datable.w3c]	supplies the value of the date or time in a standard form, e.g. yyyy-mm-dd.

• att.formula provides attributes for defining a mathematical formula.

  formula

  A formula is provided to describe a mathematical calculation such as a conversion between measurement systems.

• att.locatable provides attributes for referencing locations by pointing to entries in a canonical list of places.

  where

  indicates one or more locations by pointing to a place element or other canonical description.

Within the unitDef, a conversion element may be used to store information relating to conversion between units. The conversion element holds a special pair of attributes, fromUnit and toUnit, which serve to indicate the direction of a calculation from one unit of measure (stored in fromUnit) to another (stored in toUnit). A mathematical calculation to define the relation between these units may be stored in formula, as shown in the following examples. The formula attribute takes a value expressed as an XPath expression, for which see Robie et al. (eds.) (2017). Among other things, this means that division must be expressed with ‘div’ as opposed to the more common forward slash (‘/’, U+002F), so as not to be confused with path navigation. The conversion element may also use attributes to store dates and date ranges as well as location(s) that specify when and where a conversion formula was applied.

TEI: The Schema Specification⚓︎2.3.10 The Schema Specification

The schemaSpec element contains a schema specification. When this element appears inside encodingDesc, it allows embedding of a TEI ODD customization file inside a TEI header; alternatively, this element may be used in the body of an ODD document. The use of ODD files, and their relationship to schemas, is described in detail in 23 Documentation Elements.

TEI: The Application Information Element⚓︎2.3.11 The Application Information Element

It is sometimes convenient to store information relating to the processing of an encoded resource within its header. Typical uses for such information might be:

• to allow an application to discover that it has previously opened or edited a file, and what version of itself was used to do that;
• to show (through a date) which application last edited the file to allow for diagnosis of any problems that might have been caused by that application;
• to allow users to discover information about an application used to edit the file
• to allow the application to declare an interest in elements of the file which it has edited, so that other applications or human editors may be more wary of making changes to those sections of the file.

The class model.applicationLike provides an element, application, which may be used to record such information within the appInfo element.

• appInfo (application information) records information about an application which has edited the TEI file.
• application provides information about an application which has acted upon the document.

  ident	supplies an identifier for the application, independent of its version number or display name.
  version	supplies a version number for the application, independent of its identifier or display name.

Each application element identifies the current state of one software application with regard to the current file. This element is a member of the att.datable class, which provides a variety of attributes for associating this state with a date and time, or a temporal range. The ident and version attributes should be used to uniquely identify the application and its major version number (for example, ImageMarkupTool 1.5). It is not intended that an application should add a new application each time it touches the file.

TEI: Creation⚓︎2.4.1 Creation

TEI: Language Usage⚓︎2.4.2 Language Usage

The langUsage element is used within the profileDesc element to describe the languages, sublanguages, registers, dialects, etc. represented within a text. It contains one or more language elements, each of which provides information about a single language, notably the quantity of that language present in the text. Note that this element should not be used to supply information about any non-standard characters or glyphs used by this language; such information should be recorded in the charDecl element in the encoding description (see further 5 Characters, Glyphs, and Writing Modes).

• langUsage (語言使用) 描述文件中使用的語言、次要語言、語域、方言等。
• language (language) 個別敘述文本中使用的語言或次要語言。

  usage	標明該文本使用此語言的大約比例 (以冊計) 。
  ident	(identifier) 提供一語言代碼，其編碼方式定義在BCP 47中 (或其系列中) ，用來識別此元素所紀錄的語言，並由全域屬性xml:lang所參照。

A language element may be supplied for each different language used in a document. If used, its ident attribute should specify an appropriate language identifier, as further discussed in section vi.1. Language Identification. This is particularly important if extended language identifiers have been used as the value of xml:lang attributes elsewhere in the document.

TEI: The Text Classification⚓︎2.4.3 The Text Classification

The textClass element is used to classify a text in some way.

• textClass (文件分類) 匯集以標準分類架構、索引典等來描述文件性質或主題的資訊。

Text classification may be carried out according to one or more of the following methods:

• by reference to a recognized international classification such as the Dewey Decimal Classification, the Universal Decimal Classification, the Colon Classification, the Library of Congress Classification, or any other system widely used in library and documentation work
• by providing a set of keywords, as provided for example by British Library or Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
• by referencing any other taxonomy of text categories recognized in the field concerned, or peculiar to the material in hand; this may include one based on recurring sets of values for the situational parameters defined in section 16.2.1 The Text Description, or the demographic elements described in section 16.2.2 The Participant Description

The last of these may be particularly important for dealing with existing corpora or collections, both as a means of avoiding the expense or inconvenience of reclassification and as a means of documenting the organizing principles of such materials.

The following elements are provided for this purpose:

• keywords (keywords) 包含標明文件主題或性質的關鍵詞或字詞列表。

  scheme

  標明相關關鍵詞所使用到的詞彙範圍。

• classCode (classification code) 包含文件在某標準分類系統中所屬的分類代碼。

  scheme

  說明使用中的分類系統或分類法。

• catRef (類目參照) 標明在某分類法或文件類型學中，一個或多個已定義之類目。

The keywords element simply categorizes an individual text by supplying a list of keywords which may describe its topic or subject matter, its form, date, etc. In some schemes, the order of items in the list is significant, for example, from major topic to minor; in others, the list has an organized substructure of its own. No recommendations are made here as to which method is to be preferred. Wherever possible, such keywords should be taken from a recognized source, such as the British Library/Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data in the case of printed books, or a published thesaurus appropriate to the field.

If no authority file exists, perhaps because the keywords used were assigned directly by an author, the scheme attribute should be omitted.

Alternatively, if the keyword vocabulary itself is locally defined, the scheme attribute will point to the local definition, which will typically be held in a taxonomy element within the classDecl part of the encoding description (see section 2.3.7 The Classification Declaration).

The catRef element categorizes an individual text by pointing to one or more category elements using the target attribute, which it inherits from the att.pointing class. The category element (which is fully described in section 2.3.7 The Classification Declaration) holds information about a particular classification or category within a given taxonomy. Each such category must have a unique identifier, which may be supplied as the value of the target attribute for catRef elements which are regarded as falling within the category indicated.

In general, it is a matter of style whether to use a single catRef with multiple identifiers in the value of target or multiple catRef elements, each with a single identifier in the value of target. However, note that maintenance of a TEI document with a large number of values within a single target can be cumbersome.

The distinction between the catRef and classCode elements is that the values used as identifying codes are exhaustively enumerated for the former, typically within the TEI header. In the latter case, however, the values use any externally-defined scheme, and therefore may be taken from a more open-ended descriptive classification system.

TEI: Abstracts⚓︎2.4.4 Abstracts

TEI: Calendar Description⚓︎2.4.5 Calendar Description

The calendarDesc element is used within the profileDesc element to document objects referenced by means of either the calendar attribute on date or the datingMethod attribute on any member of the att.datable class.

• calendarDesc (calendar description) contains a description of the calendar system used in any dating expression found in the text.

This element may contain one or more calendar elements:

• calendar (calendar) describes a calendar or dating system used in a dating formula in the text.

TEI: Correspondence Description⚓︎2.4.6 Correspondence Description

The correspDesc element is used within the profileDesc element to provide detailed correspondence-specific metadata, concerning in particular the communicative aspects (sending, receiving, forwarding etc.) associated with an act of correspondence.

This information is complementary to the detailed descriptions of physical objects (such as letters) associated with correspondence acts, which are typically provided by the sourceDesc element.

• correspDesc (correspondence description) contains a description of the actions related to one act of correspondence.

The correspDesc element contains the elements correspAction and correspContext, describing the actions identified and the context in which the correspondence occurs respectively.

• correspAction (correspondence action) contains a structured description of the place, the name of a person/organization and the date related to the sending/receiving of a message or any other action related to the correspondence.

  type	describes the nature of the action. 被推薦的值包含: 1] sent; 2] received; 3] transmitted; 4] redirected; 5] forwarded

• correspContext (correspondence context) provides references to preceding or following correspondence related to this piece of correspondence.

Many types of correspondence actions may be distinguished. The type attribute should be used to indicate the type of action being documented, using values such as those suggested above.